42
number are the only features marked, non-verbal predicates receive a generic or
present tense
interpretation (13).
(11)
Siz ko’r-il-ma-di-ngiz. (Uz)
Siz kör-il-me-di-ŋiz. (Kaz)
You see-
PASS
-
NEG
-
PST
-2
PL
‘You (pl) were not seen.’
(12) *
Biz qizg’anchiq-ish-ma-di-k. (Uz)
*
Biz qizğanšaq-ïs-pa-dï-q. (Kaz)
We jealous-
COOP
-
NEG
-
PST
-1
PL
‘We were not jealous of each other.’
(13)
Men doktor-man. (Uz)
Men däriger-min. (Kaz)
I doctor-1
SG
‘I am a doctor.’
A further difference between verbal and non-verbal predicates is that while verbal predicates
select from the full range of three agreement paradigms (not including the irregular forms of the
desiderative paradigm), non-verbal predicates, when they are directly
marked for agreement,
may employ only the pronominal agreement markers shown in Tables 12 and 13. Non-verbal
predicates may be divided into five classes: nouns,
adjectives, pronouns, existentials, and
deontics.
2.2.1 Nouns and Adjectives
Nouns and adjectives form fairly discrete classes within the Turkic languages,
particularly with regard to their syntactic behavior and the distribution of associated morphemes.
Nouns are characterized by their ability to take plural morphology, to be modified by quantifiers
and adjectives, to receive case and possession morphology, and to act as the arguments of verbs.
43
(14)
Bu äyel däriger. ~
Bu däriger orïs. (Kaz)
This woman doctor
This doctor Russian
‘This woman is a doctor.’
‘This doctor is Russian.’
(15)
Akram do’st-im.
~
Kecha do’st-ing-ni ko’r-di-m. (Uz)
Akram friend-1
SG
Yesterday friend-2
SG
-
ACC
see-
PST
-1
SG
‘Akram is my friend.’
‘Yesterday I saw your friend.’
Adjectives in Turkic are characterized by their ability to receive comparative and
superlative
markers and to be modified by certain intensifying adverbs (16), as well as to modify nouns (17).
(16)
Astana ädemi. ~
Astana ädemi-rek.
~
Astana eŋ ädemi. (Kaz)
Astana beautful
Astana beautiful-
CMPR
Astana most beautiful
‘Astana is beautiful’ ‘Astana is more beautiful’
‘Astana is most beautiful.'
(17)
Men baland daraxt-ni ko'r-di-m.
~
Daraxt baland. (Uz)
I tall tree-
ACC
see-
PST
-1
SG
tree tall
'I saw the tall tree.'
'The tree is tall.'
Nouns marked with the locative case behave semantically like adjectives, in as much as they
modify nouns.
Syntactically, they pattern with non-verbal predicates when they are used
predicatively, but in order for them to be used attributively, a special morpheme must be inserted
(Uz: -
ki, Kaz: -
GI):
(18)
Prezident poytaxt-da.
~
poytaxt-da-gi kishi (Uz)
President capital-
LOC
capital-
LOC
-
ATTR
person
'The president is in the capital'
'person (who is) in the capital'
(19)
Atïraw-da-ğï sawda želi-si (Kaz)
Atyrau-
LOC
-
ATTR
commerce system-3
‘The commerce system in Atyrau.’
1
In many Turkic languages nouns and adjectives may be distinguished from one another
through the distribution of intensifying and comparative morphemes. That is, morphemes
expressing concepts like ‘more’ and ‘very’ are expressed differently
depending upon lexical
1
2010. Sberbank Rossii. Accessed 8 Mar 2010. www.sberbank.kz/?p223&version=kz.
44
category. Uzbek and Kazakh are among the Turkic languages that express this distinction -
Turkish is not.
Table 15 - Intensification and Comparison
Intensifier (very, many)
Comparative (more)
Noun
Adjective
Noun
Adjective
Kazakh
köp adam
öte žaqsï
köb-irek adam
žaqsï-raq
Uzbek
ko’p odam
juda yaxshi
ko’p-roq odam
yaxshi-roq
Turkish
çok adam
çok iyi
daha adam
daha iyi
Gloss
‘many men’
‘very good’
‘more men’
‘better’
Adjectives may occasionally function as nouns and receive nominal morphology; when they do,
they denote entities characterized by the features expressed by the adjectives from which they are
derived:
qizil-lar ‘the red ones’ (Uz),
ädemi-ler ‘the beautiful (people)’ (Kaz).
Nouns in Turkic,
as a rule, cannot function as adjectives.
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