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Evaluatıon Of Changes Occured By Cultural Dynamıc Effects On Landscape Of Istanbul Islands
Throughout the ages Istanbul has been a residential area for three big states and it also has a rare physical and natural structure because of its historical, cultural, archaeological and natural values. The historical and cultural structure of the Istanbul Islands is closely associated with the city of Istanbul. Islands are valuable natural and cultural landscape areas within their unique island structure away from the centre and having the scars of the civilizations which lived there.
Due to the multicultural population of the Islands, it has been significantly affected from the social and economic dynamics of the country. Landscape values have been created depending on the customs, traditions and culture of the society which lived here for centuries. The interaction between social structure and landscaping of the Islands has significantly affected the changes of the landscape with having limited territorial integrity.
Landscape is the environment of mankind’s and the description of the all social, economic, cultural and emotional ties between nature and time. It is also a common part of our identity and forming our legacy for the next generation. Therefore, recording the changes and determining the current status of the landscape areas has been important.
Evaluation of the changes occurred by the cultural dynamics which includes the social events, political decisions and planning studies on landscape of Istanbul Islands including Büyükada, Heybeliada, Burgazada and Kınalıada, has been the aim of this thesis.
Landscape changes has been identified by the description and determination method which is used for determination of the changes in the physical structure of the landscape and in order to measure the perception of the society, photo-based survey method has been used.
For determining the landscape character areas, the Necip Bey Maps belonging to the year 1918, the maps of Istanbul Map Company belonging to the year 1938 and the maps of IBB which were prepared in 1986 and 2007, has been used as base maps. For each island, totally 16 sheets has been prepared which are land use, landscape types, green area types and landscape character areas belonging to the years 1918, 1938, 1986 and 2007. Landscape change has been compared and evaluated as a result of overlay analysis of these maps belonging to different years and by the help of the spatial size table.
Social events, that are prominent in the history of the islands, have been considered and the socio-economic and socio-cultural data composed by the cultural dynamics, has been separated by periods. For evaluating the cultural dynamics effecting the changes on landscape, the findings from the landscape character areas and cultural data from the same periods has been interpreted by their overlay.
A survey method has been used for measuring the landscape change perception of human factor in the Islands which forms the cultural format of the landscape. In these surveys 12 photograph pairs belonging to 2 groups which are consist of current and from the beginning of 20^th century photos and these surveys have been implicated to 100 people.
As a result of this study two factors have been determined which are effective on the cultural dynamics of the changes on the landscape of Istanbul Islands. First of these factors is the change on population by the social and communal events since 1950. The other factor is declaration of scrubs as non-forest areas and zoning of forests which lead to landscape changes. Urban residential zones and urban green areas are increased between 10 ~ 40% on each island depending on the cultural dynamics such as change of demographical structure and landscape planning. In parallel with the mentioned increase, natural green areas decreased by the same rate. The single rural landscape type which is agriculture until 1970 has been completely lost today. Those once agricultural areas are now urban housing and urban green zones. Community and its people played an important role over these changes by creating cultural dynamic factors. The quality of the landscape heritage to the next generation is directly related to the landscape consciousness of the community by effecting landscape formation, evolution and planning.