Orden normal o no marcado de los elementos de la oración: Distribución de la información dada previamente en el discurso y la información nueva. Orden de los elementos del grupo nominal (It was a beautiful modern French café; that was not Mary but Jean, my other closest friend in London) y de verbos con dos objetos (It was thought that they had been together for years before getting married; They were thought to have been together for years before getting married).
Elipsis de la información compartida: omisión de verbos tras el auxiliar (I don’t want to answer this letter but perhaps I should);de la oración de infinitivo (I haven’t done as much work today as I’d like to have done); tras ‘wh-words’ (I put the form somewhere and now I can’t remember where); del sujeto (Told you so, Serves you right,Ought to be some tea left); omisión con ‘too/either/so/neither/nor’ (Bill can’t drive and nor can his wife, Ann had thought of helping him but she hesitated to actually do so); en señales, etiquetas, titulares de prensa, instrucciones, postales, diarios, etc. (Automatic dishwasher powder,PM angry).
Recursos para enfatizar el imperativo (Do have some more sherry!). Posposiciones del elemento a realzar (I made it my business to settle the matter; They are all the same,these politicians!). Uso de pronombres reflexivos (I showed Ian the letter myself).
Focalización e intensificación mediante exclamación (Good heavens!, How delightful her manners are!), enumeración (in the first place,in the second place), de repetición (far, far too expensive), adverbios(I honestly don’t know what you want), prefijos (archenemy, hyperactive, ultraconservative), acentuación o alargamiento fónico (He DOES look pale).
Uso de interjecciones y expletivos(Ugh!; what a lot of food!).
