Semitic Lanrnsses

SHIELDS, CHARLES WOODRUFF: Educator and author; b. at New Albany, Ind., Apr. 4, 1825; d. at Newport, R. I., Apr. 26, 1904. He was gradu­ated from the College of New Jersey, 1844; and from Princeton Theological Seminary, 1847; became pas­tor at Hempstead, Long Island, 1849; of Second Church, Philadelphia, 1850; professor of harmony of science and revealed religion in the College of New Jersey, 1866; and, in addition, professor of modern history, 1871, which professorship he soon resigned. His appointment to the professorship of the har­mony of science and religion, the first of its kind, was occasioned by the publication of PhiZosophia Ultima (see below), in which he expounded an academic scheme of irenical studies for the recon­ciliation of religion and science. In his lectures and writings he stood for the restoration of theology, as a science of religion, to its true philosophical position in a university system of culture, as distinguished from the clerical or sectarian system of education, and the placing of philosophy as an umpire between science and religion as embracing without invading their distinct provinces. This view was set forth in Religion and Science in their Relation to Philosophy (New York, 1875). The final philosophy, or science of sciences to come, is to be reached inductively from the collective intelligence of men working through successive generations, Philosophia Ultima (Philadelphia, 1861; rev. and enlarged ed., Vol. i., Historical and Critical Introduction on the Final Philosophy as Issuing from the Harmony of Science and Religion; Vol. ii., History of the Sciences and the Logic of the Sciences; Vol. iii., Scientific Problems of Religion and the Christian Evidences of the Physical and Psychical Sciences, New York, 1905). As a Presbyterian he was an earnest advocate of the restoration of the Presbyterian prayer book of 1661 for optional use by ministers and congrega­tions, and published The Book of Common Prayer as Amended by the Presbyterian Divines (Philadelphia, 1864), with an appendix entitled Liturgia Expurgate (1864). His irenicism also contemplated a church unity on a liturgical basis, looking toward an ul­timate organic reunion of Presbyterianism, Con­gregationalism, and Episcopalianism in what he termed the American Protestant Catholic Church. His writings on this theme created intense interest: Essays on Christian Unity (1885) ; The Historic Epis­copate (New York, 1894); The United Church of the United States (1895); and Church Unity (1896). In 1898 he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church.

SHINAR. See BABYLONIA, I.
SHINTO. See JAPAN, II., 1.

SHIPLEY, ORBY: Roman Catholic; b. at Twyford House (9 m. n.e. of Southampton) July 1, 1832. He received his education at Jesus College, Cambridge (B.A., 1854; M.A., 1857); entered the ministry of the Church of England, in

398 RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA Sherlock

6hnehan

which he remained until 1878, when he was received

into the Roman Catholic Church. He has been a

prolific literary worker, being especially interested in

devotional literature and in religious poetry. Thus

he has edited Luis of Granada's Counsels on Holiness

of Life (London, 1862); J. B. E. Avrillon's Euehar­

istie Meditations for a Month (1862) and Avrillon on

the Holy Spirit (1866); D. Bourdaloue's Spiritual

Exercises (1868); A. de Guevara's Mysteries of

Mount Calvary (1868); A. Stafford's Life of the

Blessed Virgin (1869); Ignatius of Loyola's Spiri­

tual Exercises (1870); and T. Carre's Sweet Thoughts

of Jesus and Mary (1889). Of liturgical works he

has edited, among others, Eucharistic Litanies, from

Ancient Sources (1860), The Daily Sacrifice (1861),

and The Divine Liturgy (1863), combining these in

one (1868); The Liturgies of 164.9 and 1662 (1868);

and The Ritual of the Altar (1870). In religious poet­

ry he has edited Lyra Eucharistica (1863); Lyra

Messianica (1864); Lyra Mystica (1865); Annus

Sanctus (1884); and Carmina Mariana (2 vols.,

1893 1902). In the way of collections of essays he

has put forth The Church and the World (3 vols.,

1866 68); Tracts for the Day (1867); A Glossary of

Ecclesiastical Terms (1872); Ecclesiastical Reform

(1873); Studies in Modern Problems (1874); and

Truthfulness and Ritualism (1879 $0). Independ­

ently he has published Six Short Sermons on Sin

(1867); Four Cardinal Virtues (1871); Secular

Judgments in Spiritual Matters (1871); A Theory

about Sin in Relation to Some Facts of Daily Life

(1875); and Principles of the Faith (1879).

SHIPP, ALBERT MICAJAH: Methodist Epis­

copal (South); b. in Stokes County, N. C., Jan. 15,

1819; d. at his home in Marlboro County, S. C., near

Cheraw, June 27, 1887. He was graduated from

the University of North Carolina, 1840; entered the

ministry, 1841; became president of Greenborough

Female College, N. C., 1847; professor of history and

French in the University of North Carolina, 1849;

president of W offord College, Spartanburg Court­

House, S. C., 1859; professor of exegetical and

Biblical theology in Vanderbilt University, Nashville,

Tenn., 1874; and dean of the theological faculty, and

vice chancellor of the university, 1882. He origi­

nated the policy of Biblical chairs for teaching the

Bible to the whole body of students in all Methodist

institutions of learning, and was one of the first

advocates of Biblical institutes for the education

of preachers for the Methodist Episcopal Church

(South). He wrote The History of Methodism in

South Carolina (Nashville, 1882).

SHISHAg. See EGYPT, I. 3, § 3; JEROBOAM;

and REHOBOAM.

SHORE, THOMAS TEIGNMOUTH: Church of

England; b. at Dublin Dec. 28, 1841. He was

educated at Trinity College, Dublin (B.A., 1861),

and was ordered deacon in 1865 and ordained priest

in 1866. He was curate of St. Jude's, Chelsea (1865­

1867), St. Paul's, Kensington (1867 69), and St.

Peter's, Vere Street, London (1869 70), and in­

cumbent of St. Mildred's, Lee (1870 73), and of

Berkeley Chapel, Mayfair, London (1873 90).

Since 1901 he has been canon of Worcester Cathedral.

He was honorary chaplain to the Queen in 1878 81

and chaplain in ordinary in 1881 1901, and since 1901 he has been chaplain in ordinary to the king. He was religious instructor to the three daughters of King Edward VII. In theology he is a Broad churchman of the type of Maurice (whose curate he was at St. Peter's) and Kingsley. He has written Some Difculties of Belief (London, 1877); The Life of the World to Come (1878); St. George for England (1882); Worcester Cathedral (1899); and Auricular Confession and the Church of England (1899), besides preparing the volume on I Corinthians for Bishop Ellicott's Commentary (1883) and on Prayer for the series of Helps to Belief (1886), of which he is the editor.

SHORTHAND AND CHURCH HISTORY. See STENOGRAPHY.

SHOWBREAD. See TEMPLE.

SHUCKFORD, SAMUEL: Church of England; b. at Norwich about 1694; d. at London July 14, 1754. He was educated at Caius College, Cambridge (B.A., 1716; M.A., 1720); was curate of Shelton, Norfolk, 1722 46; prebendary of Canterbury, from 1738; and rector of Allhallows, Lombard Street, London. He was the author of the famous work, The Sacred and Profane History of the World Con­nected from the Creation of the World to the Dissolu­tion of the Assyrian Empire at the Death of Sardana­palus, and to the Declension of the Kingdoms of Judah and Israel under the Reigns of Ahaz and Pekah (2 vols., 1727; rev. ed. by J. T. Wheeler, 2 vols., Lon­don, 1858). This was intended to supplement Hum­phrey Prideaux's Connection, but was finished only to the death of Joshua.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: DNB, Iii. 168, where references are given

to scattered notices.

SHUEY, shu'i, WILLIAM JOHN: United Breth­ren in Christ; b. at Miamisburg, O., Feb. 9, 1827. He was educated at the academy, Springfield, O.; was pastor at Lewisburg, O., 1849 51, Cincinnati, 1851 59; Dayton, O., 1860 62; presiding elder, 1862 64; and a member of the publishing house at Dayton, O., 1864 97, retiring in the last named year. In 1855 he was engaged in the planting of a mission near Freetown, Sierra Leone, on the West Coast of Africa.

SHUSHAN: The Biblical name for the place now known as Sus or Shush in southwest Persia, anciently the capital of Elam, east of Babylonia. The Septuagint form of the name is Sousa, agreeing with the ordinary name Susa, Elamitic Shushun, Assyr. Shushan. The Greeks called the country of which it is the capital Susiana, and in the time of Herodotus (Rawlinson's Herodotus, i. 679, New York, 1875) it was called Kissia. Descendants, ap­parently of the inhabitants of Shushan, who had been transported to Samaria by the Assyrian king, are spoken of as Susanchites (Ezra iv. 19). The city is said to have been situated either on the river Ulseus (Dan. viii. 2; cf. Pliny vi. 27) or the Choaspes or Kherka (Herodotus, v. 49). Disputes about the location with reference to these rivers would prob­ably be solved were the canal system: of the early period well known. The Choaspes forked twenty miles above Susa, but connecting canals probably

Shushan

Sibel THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 394

ran so as to make reconcilable the variant accounts of its location. The ruins which mark the site are located in 490 48' east longitude and 320 10' north latitude.

Mention of the city possibly appears as early as c. 2400 B.c. under the name Sas, 3isa, or Susun (probably meaning " the old " city, which suggests that it was already a place of considerable antiq­uity). In 2275 (if the report of Asshurbanipal be accepted) its king Kudur nanhundi invaded Baby­lon and carried away from Erech a statue of the goddess Nana (Ishtar; see BABYLONIA, VI., 1, 1 1). In the period of their era of conquests the Assyrians repeatedly invaded Elam, and about 640 Asshur­banipal captured the city, recovered the image which (as he says) was carried away 1,635 years earlier, removed an immense treasure, and trans­planted some of the people to Samaria. Under the Persian rule it became the winter residence, per­haps the chief capital, of the Achmmenides (cf. Xenophon, Cyropadia, VIII., vi. 22; Herodotus, iii. 30, 65, 70). The plot of the book of Esther is laid there in this period, and the story implies the presence of large numbers of Jews. Alexander took the city in 330, and is said to have found gold and silver amounting in value to sixty million dollars, together with great treasures in art, including the Praxitelean bronze statues of Harmodius and Aris­togiton, liberators of Athens. Under the SeleucidEe (q.v.) the city lost importance, which it regained to some extent during the later reigns of the Arsacidae down to 226 A.D. Then it declined, and was taken by the Mohammedans in 640. It practically disap­peared from history after this and was heard of only at intervals.

The era of exploration was opened by W. K. Loftus in 1852, when trenches were dug, trilingual inscriptions of Artaxerxes Mnemon found at the base of certain columns bearing the names of three kings named Artaxerxes, and of Darius, as well as the divine names Ahuramazda, Anaitis, and Mithra. Marcel Dieulafoy in 1885 was enabled to reopen excavations there through the aid of a French physi­cian at the Persian court and under the protection of the French government. This series of explora­tion resulted in the uncovering of part of the palace and other structures, and in settling the topograph­ical details of the city. Other results were the re­covery of features of art and architecture of great beauty and uniqueness, including the pillars with capitals of bulls' heads, three great porticoes and the hall of columns, the frieze of lions, and that of archers now in the Louvre. The still later explora­tion under J. de Morgan resulted (1901 02) in the discovery of the now famous Code of Hammurabi (see HAMMURABI AND HIS CODE).

BIBLTOGRAPHY: w. K. Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldea and Susiana, pp. 343 sqq., London and New .York, 1857; F. Delitzsch, Wo lag das ParadiesP Leipsic. 1881; Mme. Jane Dieulafoy, La Perae, la Chald€e, et is Suaiane, Paris, 1887; M. Dieulafoy, L'Art antique de la Perse. Paris, 1889; idem, L'Acropole de la Suse, ib. 1890; J. F. Me­Curdy, History, Prophecy and the Monuments, i. 125 128, ii. 371 372. 385, New York, 1898; J. de Morgan, D,Iepa­tion en Perse, vol. ii., Paris, 1901; B. T. Evetts, New Light on the Bible and the Holy Land, chap. ix., New York, n. d.; and Rawlinson's Herodotua (consult the Index).

SIAM AND LAOS: The kingdom of Siam includes an irregular stretch of territory in southeastern Asia, bounded by British Burma on the west, the French colonies of Cambodia, Anam, and Tonking on the northeast, and extending through more than half of the Malay peninsula to the south. The area is esti­mated at about 195,000 square miles, and the gen­eral physical features of the country include a rough upland in the north and two river valleys between high mountain ranges extending toward the south. The rainfall is abundant, and in their lower por­tions the rivers traverse immense alluvial plains which are to a considerable degree overflowed during a portion of the year, resulting in great fertility of the soil. The streams are only measurably navigable inasmuch as they are frequently broken by rapids. The climate is tropical, though less torrid than that of South India, and the year is divided into two seasons of about equal length, the rainy season ex­tending from May to October, and the dry season covering the rest of the year.

The population is estimated at about 4,686,846, and belongs chiefly to the Shan race, about 1,000,000 being Chinese, Burmese, and others. The Shan pop­ulation again is divided between the Siamese, oc­cupying the southern portion of the kingdom, and the Laos, who are found in the north or hill country. The Siamese are the more polished and agreeable in manners, the Laos the more uncultured, but more sturdy and virile. The government is an absolute monarchy, although under the late king, Chula­longkorn, it became noted for its liberality and sympathy with aggressive modern improvements. Like other Asiatic countries, Siam has suffered from the aggression of European powers. The western coast was surrendered to the Burmese and subse­quently to England. The French colonies on the east encroached gradually upon the territory of the Mekong river until it became a question whether the kingdom would continue intact. At present the entire kingdom is practically divided up between England and France, in so called spheres of in­fluence, England holding the general control of the northern Malay peninsula of the territory bordering on Burma, while France claims a corresponding in­fluence along the whole valley of the Mekong.

There are few  cities of importance, Bankok, the capital, being practically the only one widely known. The dominant religion, especially in the southern section, is Buddhism, and it is claimed to be the pur­est form of that faith except perhaps that in Ceylon. In no other country is it so completely identified with the life of the people. There is scarcely a family but is represented by at least one member in the priesthood, and not only its ceremonies but the social life and pleasures are under the control or auspices of the temples, while monasteries and pagodas with their vast number of priests are in evi­dence on every hand. In a measurable degree throughout Siam proper, and especially in the hill country to the north, demon worship is prevalent, a form of the Shamanism which is found throughout Asia and Africa. While brutal, especially in its ter­rifying power and in its relation to disease, it is not as fatal to vigor of life and thought as the Buddhism of the southern portion, and a more easily overcome

395

RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA

by Christian influences, particularly as they ap­proach it through the medium of medical aid.

The first missionary effort in Siam was in 1828,

when Dr. Karl Friedrich August Gutzlaff (d.1851) of

the Netherlands Missionary Society visited Bankok

with the special purpose of seeking an entrance to

China. Through his representations, David Abeel of

the American Board came to that city in 1830, but

the first effective work was done by Dr. Daniel

Beach Bradley, Rev. Jesse Caswell of the American

Board, and Rev. William Dean of the American

Baptist Missionary Union. Dean's work, chiefly

among the Chinese, Dr. Bradley's medical work, and

paaticularly t4 e influence of Mr. Caswell, who was

appointed by the king as tutor of his son, the late

king of Siam, laid the foundation of the successful

labors of succeeding years when the Presbyterian

Board in 1848 entered the country and the American

Board withdrew, preferring to put its strength into

other fields. The early work was not productive of

specific results, and it was not until 1859 that the

first convert was baptized. Three years later a new

station was opened to the south at Petchaburee,

and shortly after a tour of exploration into the Laos

states resulted in the establishment, in 1867, of

mission work at Chieng Mai on the river MePing,

about 500 miles north of Bankok. From the be­

ginning this work gave promise of great success, and

numerous stations have been established. Medical.

work was begun in 1875, and three years later a

boarding school for girls was opened, and one for

boys in 1888. As the work among the distinctively

Siamese Laos tribes has progressed, there has come

to be a feeling that through them the Shan tribes to

the east and north might probably be reached.

Under French law no missionary effort can be car­

ried on in the province of Tonking, but the members

of the Laos churches, as they cross the border for

business, are constantly coming into relations with

the people and are carrying the Gospel in much

the same way as the Christians did in the first cen­

tury. Of late years the work in Siam proper has

taken a new start and has met with greater success.

A considerable amount of shore work is done by

means of a vessel that touches at the different ports

on the extended coast line, and from these points

into the interior the influences are rapidly spreading.

One peculiarity of the mission work in this king­dom is that it is entirely under the care of one or­ganization, the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of Amer­ica. There is thus not only a unity which is lacking in other fields, but a freedom from intervention and disintegrating influences. The statistics of the work for the year 1908 09 are as follows: Siam: Stations, 7; missionaries, 37 (10 ordained, 6 medical, 1 lay, 14 married women, 6 single women); native helpers, 41 (1 ordained preacher); churches, 9; communi­cants, 580; schools, 8; pupils, 660; in Sunday­schools, 805; contributions, $24,225. Laos: stations, 5; missionaries, 47 (I6 ordained, 7 medical, 20 mar­ried women, 4 single women); native helpers, 92 (5 ordained preachers); churches, 18; communi­cants, 3,494 ; schools, 27; pupils, 781; in Sunday­schools, 2,843; contributions (incomplete), $11,369. Total: stations, 12; missionaries, 84; native helpers,

Shushan Bibel

133; churches, 27; communicants, 4,074; schools,

35; pupils, 1,441; in Sunday schools, 3,648; con­

tributions, $35,594. EnwIN M. BLIss.

Modern exploration shows that the Shan race has spread in China in the province of Yunnan north­ward as far as 25a north latitude, westward as far as the Selwin River, and as far eastward as the prov­ince of Kwantung. So that over an area of 400,000 square miles the predominant element of the pop­ulation is Laos. This involves the fact that on a most conservative estimate five millions of Laos are living in southern China, and raises the total of the race to about twelve millions using the Laos lan­guage. This fact is of importance for the diffusion of Christian literature in that tongue.

BIBmooRAPHY: E. Young, The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe: Sketches of the domestic and religious Rites of the Siamese, London, 1898; P. A. Thompson, Lotus Land; Account of the Country and the People of Southern Siam, ib. 1908; C. Gutzlaff, Ausfahrlicher Bericht von winem dreiiahripen Aufenthalt in Siam, Elberfeld, 1838; J. B. Pallegoix, Description du royaume Thai ou Siam, 2 vols., Paris, 1854,; Sir John Bowring, Kingdom and People of Siam, 2 vols., London, 1857; Mrs. F. R. Feudge, Eastern Side; or, mis­sionary Life in Siam, Philadelphia, 1871; B. Taylor, Siam, New York, 1881; Siam and Laos as Seen by our American Missionaries, Philadelphia, 1884; A. R. Col­quhoun,Among the Shane, London, 1885; Miss M. L. Cort, Siam, New York, 1886; H. W. Smith, Five Years in Siam, 1891 98, 2 vole., ib. 1898; J. G. D. Campbell, Siam in the 80th Century, London, 1902; Lillian J. Curtis, Laos of North Siam, Philadelphia, 1903; A. Wright and O. T. Breakspear, Twentieth Century Impressions of Siam. Its History, People, Commerce, Industries and Resources, London, 1909; J. H. Freeman, An Oriental Land of the Free; or Life and Mission Work among the Laos of Siam, Burma, China, and Indo China, Philadelphia, 1910; P. A. Thompson, Siam; an Account of the Country and the Pea pie, Boston, 1911.

SIBBES, sibz (SIBBS, SIBS), RICHARD: Puri­tan; b. at Tostock (33 m. e. of Cambridge), Suffolk, 1577; d. at Gray's Inn, London, July 5, 1635. He was successively student and fellow of St. John's College, and lecturer of Trinity Church, Cambridge (B.A., 1599; M.A., 1602; B.D., 1610); preacher of Gray's Inn, London, 1617 26; master of Catharine Hall, Cambridge, from 1626; and perpetual curate of Holy Trinity, Cambridge, from 1633. His best­known works are, The Bruised Reede and Smoaking Flax (London, 1630), to which Richard Baxter owed his conversion; The Soul's ConLdict (1635); The Re­turning Backslider (1639); and A Learned Com­mentary upon. the First Chapter of the Second Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians, ed. Thomas Manton (1655). His literary activity was, however, much more extensive than this, thirty three titles of books and sermons being known. His Complete Works were published with memoir by A. B. Grosart (6 vole., 1862 63).

BiBrroaRAPHY: Besides the principal memoir by Grosart, the reader may consult the Life by E. Middleton, in 9th ed. of The Bruised Reeds, London, 1808; that in a new ed. of Sibbes's Divine Meditations, Newport, 1799 (ed. G. Burder); and one by S. Clarke in The Soules Conflict, Glasgow, 1768. Also: T. Fuller, Hist. of the Worthies of England, ed. J. Fuller, 4 parts, London, 1662; Samuel Clark, Lives of Thirty two English Divines, 3d ed., ib. 1670; B. Brooke, Lives of the Puritans, ii. 416 sqq., ib. 1813: DNB, Iii. 182 184.

SIBEL, sai'bel, gASPAR: Dutch Reformed; b. at Unterbarmen (a part of Barmen, 26 m. n. of

Sibyl

Sibyl THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 896

Cologne) June 9, 1590; d. at Deventer, Holland, Jan. 1, 1658. He was educated at Herborn, Siegen, and Leyden, and, after preaching to various congre­gations, was called, in 1609, to be minister of the churches of Randerath and Geilenkirchen in the principality of Jiilich, the oversight of the church at Linnich soon being added to his duties. Sibel met with extraordinary success at Randerath, where he labored exposed to considerable personal peril from the attempts of Roman Catholics to regain their position. He was a delegate to the Reformed con­vention at Diiren (Aug. 17, 1610) to organize the first general synod of the lower Rhine (see RE­FORMED [DUTCH] CHURCH); and later was deputized to attend the other synods. He accepted in 1611 a call to Jillich, where, in addition to his regular duties, he had to minister to the Protestants in the surrounding district, while during an outbreak of the plague he proved himself a true pastor in the face of death. In 1617, on his return from a journey to Holland, he accepted a call to Deventer, especially as he realized that the strife then raging in J(ilich­Cleve Berg was but the prelude to the long civil war which was to devastate Germany. At Deventer he found himself in his element, and his influence quickly spread beyond the limits of the city. He took part in the preparations for the Synod of Dort, to which he was a deputy; and at his instance the estates of Overyssel approved the canons of Dort and rejected the five Arminian articles. Still more important was his activity as a member of the committee for the new Dutch translation of the Bible proposed by the Synod of Dort. As one of the revisers, he was chosen vice secretary of the board of revision, which sat for eleven months in Leyden, and for three years he essentially furthered the work. He was active also in providing capable teachers for the school in Deventer, but at the same time maintained close relations with his na­tive country, inducing the states general to threaten reprisals against any interference with Protestant services in Jiilich Berg, and otherwise aiding his coreligionists.

In 1647 a stroke of apoplexy forced Sibel to retire from active life. As a preacher he enjoyed high reputation, being known as the Chrysostom of his locality, and his sermons up to 1644 were collected under the title of Caspari Sibelii opera theologica (5 parts, Amsterdam, 1644). In homiletics, while he paid due regard to form and arrangement, he was especially concerned with the subject matter. He was also much given to exposition of a passage in a sermon series. Among his other works, special mention may be made of his BTeditationes cate­chetico; (4 parts, Amsterdam, 1646 50) and of his autobiographical Historica narratio de curriculo totius vitro et peregrinationis mere, of which two manu­script volumes are preserved in the Deventer library (the part before 1609 ed. L. Scheibe, in Festschrift zur Feier des dreihundertjdhrigen Bestehens der . . . lateinischen Sehule zu Elberfeld, Elberfeld, 1893). (EDUARD SIMONS.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Besides the autobiographical Hiatorica narratio, ut sup., consult ADB, vol. xxxiv.: ZeUschrift des Berg. Geschichtsvereins, vol. xxviii (by W. Harless. on El­berfelder Kirchen) and also vol. iv (by Bouterwek, on Dye 'Reformation in Wupperthal).