Nabokov, Nicolas [Nikolay]

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Tomasek: Lijepa naša: pripovijest a hrvatskoj himni [Lijepa naša: a history of the Croatian anthem] (Zagreb, 1990)

National anthems

Cuba

Music and text by Pedro Figueredo (1819–70). Written and first sung during the Battle of Bayamo in 1868.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

E. Gay-Calbo: Las banderas, el escudo y el himno de Cuba (Havana, 1956)

National anthems

Cyprus.

The national anthem of Greece is generally used. See Greece.

National anthems

Czech Republic

Music by František Jan Škroup (1801–62). Words by Josef Kajetán Tyl (1808–56). Adopted in 1919 as part of the anthem of Czechoslovakia.

The music was composed in 1834 as part of the incidental music Škroup wrote for Tyl’s play Fidlovačka (‘Shoemaker’s Fair’). Between 1919 and 1992, when the Czech Republic and Slovakia separated, it formed the first section of the Czechoslovak anthem.

National anthems

Denmark

Music by Hans Ernst Krøyer (1798–1879). Words by Adam Oehlenschlaeger (1779–1850).

Denmark was the first country after Britain to adopt the tune of God Save the King/Queen (see British Isles) as a national anthem. The words, a free translation of the English text, were by Heinrich Harries (1762–1802) and appeared in 1790 in the Flensburger Wochenblatt as a Lied für den dänischen Unterthan an seines Königs Geburtstag zu singen.

The present anthem was written in 1819 in response to a competition for a new national anthem, and by the 1920s it was accepted as such. It has existed as a patriotic song beside Kong Kristian stod ved højen mast, with words that originally formed part of the libretto Johannes Ewald (1743–81) wrote for the ballad opera The Fishermen by J.E. Hartmann (1726–93). Hartmann’s melody is, however, quite different from that now sung to the words. This is sometimes attributed to Ditlev Ludvig Rogert (1742–1813), but it underwent several changes before being given its final form in the music Friedrich Kuhlau (1786–1832) wrote for J.L. Heiberg’s play Elverhøj (‘The Elf Hill’, 1828).

National anthems

Djibouti

Music by Abdi Robleh Karshileh (b 1941). Words, beginning ‘Hinjinne u sara kaca’ (‘Rise up with strength, for we have raised our flag’), by Aden Elmi God, Qooyare (b 1948). Adopted in 1977.

National anthems

Dominica

Music by Lemuel McPherson Christian (b 1913). Words by Wilfred Oscar Morgan Pond (1912–85). Adopted in 1967.

National anthems

Dominican Republic

Music by José Reyés (1835–1905). Words by Emilio Prud’homme (1856–1932). Composed in 1883 and first sung as the national anthem in 1900.

Previous anthems include the Himno de capotillo, composed about 1865 by Ignacio Marti Calderón.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

J. de J. Ravelo: Historia de los himnos dominicanos (Santo Domingo, 1934, 2/1945)

National anthems

Ecuador

Music by Antonio Neumane [Neumann] (1818–71). Words by Juan León Mera (1832–94). Adopted in 1948, though in use since 1865.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Espinosa Pólit: Reseña histórica del himno nacional ecuatoriano (Quito, 1948)

National anthems

Egypt

Music and words by Sayyid Darwīsh (1892–1923). Adopted in 1979.

Between 1960 and 1979 the anthem used was Walla zaman yā silābī (music by Kamāl al-Tawīl, words by Salāh Shāhīn).

National anthems

El Salvador

Music by Juan Aberle (1846–1930). Words by Juan J. Cañas (1826–1918). Composed in 1879, adopted in 1953.

National anthems

Equatorial Guinea

Composer unknown. Words by Atanasio Ndongo Miyono. Adopted in 1968 when the country became independent.

National anthems

Eritrea

Music by Isaac Abraham Meharezghi (b 1944) and Aron Tekle Tesfatsion (b 1963). Words by Solomon Tsehaye Berakhi (b 1956). Adopted in 1993.

The words were written in 1986 and slightly altered when the country became independent in 1993.

National anthems

Estonia

Music by Fredrik Pacius (1809–91). Words by Johann Voldemar Jannsen (1819–1900). Adopted c1917.

The music was composed in 1848 and first sung with Jannsen’s text in 1869. The melody is also used for the Finnish national anthem (see Finland).

National anthems