Nabokov, Nicolas [Nikolay]
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- Nejedlý, Zdeněk
Nejedlý, Vít(b Prague, 22 June 1912; d Dukla, 1 Jan 1945). Czech composer, son of Zdeněk Nejedlý. He studied with Ladislav Svěcený and Otakar Jeremiáš, and later with Talich (conducting) at Prague University, where he gained a doctorate in musicology in 1936 with a dissertation on contemporary Czech harmony. He became répétiteur and conductor at the theatre in Olomouc (1936–8) before emigrating to the USSR in 1939, where he worked in radio and composed film music. In 1943 he joined the Red Army; he died of typhoid at the Czechoslovak front. Nejedlý’s music is marked by a strong political commitment, particularly evident in the symphonies inspired by the Spanish Civil War, and his occasional pieces for workers’ festivals. WORKS(selective list)
WRITINGSPočátky moderní české harmonie [The beginnings of modern Czech harmony] (diss., U. of Prague, 1936; ed. V. Felix, Prague, 1960) ed. J. Jiránek: Kritiky a stati o hudbě [Reviews and essays about music] (Prague, 1956) BIBLIOGRAPHYJ. Plavec, ed.: Vzpomínky na Víta Nejedlého [Reminscences of Nejedlý] (Prague, 1948) J. Jiránek: Vít Nejedlý: z historie bojů o novou socialistickou kulturu [Nejedlý: from the history of battles for the new socialist culture] (Prague, 1959) V. Felix: ‘Harmonické prostředky Víta Nejedlého’ [Nejedlý’s harmonic resources], Živá hudba, iv (1968), 213–62 R. Smetana, ed.: Dějiny české hudební kultury 1890–1945 [The history of Czech musical culture 1890–1945], ii (Prague, 1981), esp. 241–3, 252 [incl. further bibliography], 401–5 GRACIAN ČERNUSAK/R Nejedlý, Zdeněk(b Litomyšl, Bohemia, 10 Feb 1878; d Prague, 9 March 1962). Czech musicologist, politician and writer. Son of the music teacher and composer Roman Nejedlý (1844–1920), he received an all-round musical education which culminated in lessons with Fibich in Prague. At the same time he studied under Jaroslav Goll (history) and Hostinský (aesthetics) at Prague University, where he took the doctorate in 1900 with a dissertation on the mission to the Hussites of the Italian preacher Giovanni Capistrano. He completed his Habilitation with the first volume of his work on Hussite and pre-Hussite song. He worked at the National Museum, later at the university as reader (1908) and professor (1919) of musicology (the first incumbent of a Czech chair of musicology). A most influential teacher, his aggressive polemics and his passionate championship of Smetana made Nejedlý one of the most dynamic and colourful figures in pre-war Czechoslovakia. During this period he became increasingly prominent as a Communist sympathizer and activist, founding his own political journal (Var, 1921–30). His membership of the Czech Communist party was later backdated to 1929. At the Nazi occupation he fled to the USSR, returning after the war as a member of the government and of the party's Central Committee. He was twice minister of education (1945–6, 1948–53) and held many other official posts, including the life presidency of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (from 1952). Nejedlý's early training as a historian is evident in his many biographical studies, not only of musicians but also of Czech literary and national figures (Božena Němcová, Palácký, Jirásek, F.X. Šalda) and politicians (Masaryk, Lenin). In his musical writings he emphasized the socio-political and patriotic aspects of Czech music, notably in his studies of Smetana and of Hussite music. Ironically, his own political commitments prevented his completing more than four volumes of a proposed 11-volume biography of Smetana. Despite this and other unfinished projects his writings come to over 4000 items, including 200 books. A collected edition of his writings (initiated in 1948) ran to 62 volumes. Nejedlý, for all his historical training, was essentially a polemicist, aided by a fluent and readable style and a genius for clear, if over-schematic, organization. With his wide cultural range and interests and his espousal of ‘progressive’ causes he appeared to be the successor of his teacher Hostinský, though with his intolerance and clear-cut ideological stance he soon acquired a distinctive profile. He saw the evolution of Czech music in the line Smetana–Fibich–Foerster–Ostrčil and publicized this view, notably in the periodical Smetana (1910–26), which he and his adherents founded for the purpose. His attitude to other figures in Czech music – Dvořák, Janáček, Suk and Novák – who did not belong to this succession was wholly negative. Dvořák, for example, the major Czech composer of operas between Smetana and Janáček, was omitted from his book on Czech opera after Smetana (1911) except for a few dismissive comments. Such an attitude might have been considered merely eccentric and ultimately irrelevant (public opinion has gone in a different direction) were it not for the immense power that Nejedlý wielded. In the early 1950s he had become the object of a cult, exemplified by the periodical Hudební rozhledy, which in 1953 ran a regular feature entitled ‘We will learn from the works of Zdeněk Nejedlý’, and by the foundation that year of the ‘Cabinet of Zdeněk Nejedlý’, whose object was to ‘research the rich materials about [Nejedlý's] life and work so as to acquaint all Czech and Slovak people still further with his great personality and work’ (ČSHS); dogmatic opinion had now become state dogma. Although in the 1970s and 80s the Czechs began to take issue with Nejedlý's opinions and facts, his strategic view of Czech music history continued to underpin the organization and assumptions of much Czech musicology, effectively inhibiting research in areas of which he disapproved (e.g. Smetana's lesser contemporaries, ballet and operetta). Particularly reprehensible was the personal score-settling such as the imprisonment of his rival medievalist Josef Hutter and the blighting of the later career of the conductor Václav Talich. WRITINGSZdenko Fibich, zakladatel scénického melodramu [Fibich, founder of the scenic melodrama] (Prague, 1901) Katechismus estetiky [A manual of aesthetics] (Prague, 1902) Dějiny české hudby [A history of Czech music] (Prague, 1903) Dějiny předhusitského zpěvu v Čechách [A history of pre-Hussite song in Bohemia] (Prague, 1904, 2/1954 as Dějiny husitského zpěvu, i) Počátky husitského zpěvu [The beginnings of Hussite song] (Prague, 1907, 2/1954–5 as Dějiny husitského zpěvu, ii–iii) Zpěvohry Smetanovy [Smetana's operas] (Prague, 1908, 3/1954) Josef Bohuslav Foerster (Prague, 1910) Česká moderní zpěvohra po Smetanovi [Modern Czech opera after Smetana] (Prague, 1911) Dějiny husitského zpěvu za válek husitských [A history of Hussite song during the Hussite wars] (Prague, 1913, 2/1955–6 as Dějiny husitského zpěvu, iv–v) Gustav Mahler (Prague, 1913, 2/1958) [only 1 vol. pubd] Richard Wagner (Prague, 1916, 2/1961) [only 1 vol. pubd] Všeobecné dějiny hudby, i: O původy hudby, Antika [A general history of music, i: The origins of music, antiquity] (Prague, 1916–30) Otakara Hostinského esthetika [Otakar Hostinský's aesthetics] (Prague, 1921) Vitězslav Novák (Prague, 1921) [collection of articles and reviews] Smetaniana, i (Prague, 1922) [only 1 vol. pubd] Bedřich Smetana (Prague, 1924–33, 2/1950–54) [only 7 vols. pubd] Bedřich Smetana (Prague, 1924) [short biography] Dějiny opery Národního divadla [The history of opera at the National Theatre] (Prague, 1925, 2/1949) Zdeňka Fibicha milostný deník [Zdeněk Fibich’s erotic diary] (Prague, 1925, 2/1948) Nietzschova tragédie [Nietzche's tragedy] (Prague, 1926) Otakar Ostrčil: vzrůst a uzrání [Otakar Ostrčil: growth and maturity] (Prague, 1935, 2/1949) Sovětská hudba [Soviet music] (Prague, 1936–7) Otakar Hostinský (Prague, 1937, 2/1955) Kritiky, i [1907–9], ii [1923–35] (Prague, 1954–6) BIBLIOGRAPHYČSHS [incl. further list of writings and bibliography up to 1960] S. Jonášová, ed.: Bibliografie díla Zdeňka Nejedlého [A bibliography of Nejedlý's works] (Prague, 1959) F. Červinka: Zdeněk Nejedlý (Prague, 1969) J. Hanzal: ‘Z. Nejedlý a V. Helfert ve světle vzájemné korespondence’ [Nejedlý and Helfert in the light of their mutual correspondence], HV, xv (1978), 52–68 J. Jiránek and others: Z bojů o českou hudební kulturu [From the battles for Czech music culture] (Prague, 1979) [incl. articles on Nejedlý as the founder of Czech musicology, his polemics with Knittl and his correspondence with Helfert] S. Zachařová, ed.: Zdeněk Nejedlý–Otakar Ostrčil: korespondence (Prague, 1982) P. Čornej: ‘Vztah Zdeňka Nejedlého ke kulturním tradicím 19. století’ [The relationship of Zdeněk Nejedlý to the cultural traditions of the 19th century], Povědomí tradice v novodobé české kultuře (Prague, 1988), 261–73 V. Lébl and I. Poledňák, eds.: Hudební věda [Musicology] (Prague, 1988), i, 172–82 [incl. extensive bibliography with Nejedlý conferences and Festschriften] M. Ransdorf: Zdeněk Nejedlý (Prague, 1988) R. Pečman: ‘Mne Dvořák nezajímá’ [Dvořák does not interest me], Útok na Antonína Dvořáka [The attack on Antonín Dvořák] (Brno, 1992), 45–89 JOHN TYRRELL Yüklə 10,2 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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