National Latin Exam
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Mare Nostrum Iudaea Africa Alexandria • Arabia Cyrenaica ←Nile River Aegyptus
- Historical Divisions Terms
- Other Magistracies
- Rex Sacrorum
- Early Republic
- Numa Pompilius
- Early Roman Heroes
- Scaevola
- The Gracchi- Tiberius and Gaius
- Greek Name Roman Name Significance Iconography
- II. Associated Myths A. Daphne Apollo
- Greek Heroes -Perseus
- Midas
- Other Major Heroes
- Beasts
- Gigantes / Giants
- Griffin
- Centaurs
- City of Rome
- FIRST
Gallia Pontus Euxinus Italia ←Tiber River Hispania •Roma •Brundisium Mesopotamia Sardinia Asia Minor Macedonia Achaea •Athenae Syria Carthago• Sicilia Phoenicia Mauretania Creta Mare Nostrum Iudaea Africa Alexandria• Arabia Cyrenaica ←Nile River Aegyptus II. Italy 
History
I. Historical Divisions & Terms A. Roman Monarchy, 21 April 753 B.C. – 509 B.C. 1. A monarchy is a rule by kings, from the Greek words… a. μονο (mono) = one b. αρχος (archos) = ruler 2. There were 7 kings of Rome 3. Supreme authority was symbolized by a bundle of rods with an ax, called the fasces from which we derive fascism B. Roman Republic, 509 B.C. – 27 B.C. 1. A republic is a rule by the people, from the Latin words… a. rēs, reī, F = thing b. publicus, -a, -um = public 2. After the expulsion of Tarquin the Senate voted to never again allow the rule of a king and reformed Rome into a republican style of government. 3. A new office was created with the title of Consul. a. Initially the consuls possessed all of the king’s powers in the form of two men, elected for a one year term, who could veto each other’s actions. b. Later, the consuls’ powers were broken down further by adding other magistrates that each held a small portion of the king’s original powers. c. Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus were the first consuls of Rome.
a. Praetor = magistrates who were responsible for judicial aspects of the state b. Quaestor = magistrates who were responsible for the treasury and the financial affairs of the state c. Aedile = magistrates who were responsible for public works, like maintenance on public buildings, roads, and aqueducts as well as the regulation of religious festivals and public games d. Censor = magistrates who were responsible for conducting the census e. Under the new republican style of government, the Romans strictly adhered to a system of annuality (yearly elections) and collegiality (the holding of an magistracy by two men…sometimes more than two with the exception of the magistracy of consul). 5. The king’s religious powers were given to two new offices… a. The Rex Sacrorum was the (de iure) highest religious official for the Republic. His sole task was to make the annual sacrifice to Jupiter. b. The Pontifex Maximus was the (de facto) highest religious official. He had the power to appoint all Vestal Virgins, Flamens, Pontiffs, and even the Rex Sacrorum himself. C. Early Republic D. Late Republic E. The First Triumvirate F. The Second Triumvirate G. Roman Empire, 27 B.C. – 476 A.D. II. The Seven Kings of Rome A. Romulus, 753-716 B.C. – founder, namesake (Refer to Mythology, III for more information about Romulus and the founding of Rome.)
go free. Mucius later received the cognomen Scaevola which means “left-handed” Horatius- hero who single-handedly defended the bridge over the Tiber River against the attacking Etruscans, allowing the Romans to escape. Tarquinius Superbus- last king of Rome, driven out in 509 BC by Brutus and Collatinus Cincinnatus- former consul who was called upon to be dictator to defend Rome during a time of extreme emergency. He took supreme command, defeated Rome’s enemies, and returned to his farm, all within 16 days. George Washington is often considered the “Cincannatus” of U.S. history E. The Gracchi- Tiberius and Gaius Politicians of the 2nd century B.C. who advocate for the lower classes and propose agricultural reforms; their political agendas earn them many enemies and they are both murdered. Mythology I. The Olympians
Nota Bene: #12 could be either Dionysos/Bacchus or Hephaestus/Vulcan…it just depends on the sources which you read. Nota Bene: The first 5 on this list are the children of Cronos & Rhea, the Titans. Their 6th child is Hades/Pluto, but he is not considered one of the 12 Olympians because he drew the lot of the Underworld. II. Associated Myths A. Daphne & Apollo- Daphne was a wood nymph whom Apollo loved. As Daphne was fleeing Apollo’s advances, she prayed to her father for protection. Daphne was then turned into a laurel tree. The laurel tree became sacred to Apollo and a crown made of its leaves was given to victors in music and athletic contests. B. Arachne & Minerva Arachne was a human weaver who boasted that she was more talented than Minerva, even after being warned not to anger the gods. After a weaving contest with Minerva, in which she created a tapestry depicting the indiscretions of the gods, Arachne was turned into a spider. The Greeks used this myth to explain the origin of spiders spinning webs.
was later hunted and killed by his own hunting dogs. D. Ceres & Proserpina- Ceres, the goddess of grain, loved her daughter Proserpina very much and thus was terribly upset when Pluto kidnapped Proserpina in order to make her Queen of the Underworld. Eventually Ceres found her daughter, but because Proserpina had eaten some pomegranate seeds while in the Underworld, she had to remain in Hades for half of the year. When her daughter was away from her, Ceres caused crops to stop growing, but when Proserpina returned, Ceres made flowers and plants bloom again. The Greeks and Romans used this myth to explain the seasons Greek Heroes -Perseus- defeated Medusa, the Gorgon with snakes for hair. Theseus- defeated the Minotaur, the half-man, half-bull who inhabited the labyrinth Jason- led the Argonauts on a quest to discover the golden fleece Hercules/Heracles- hero who completed the twelve labors, including killing of the Nemean Lion and the Lernian Hydra, and wore a lion’s pelt over his shoulders. Midas- greedy king who foolishly made the wish that everything he touched would turn to gold. Orpheus- the Greek musician whose wife Eurydice died and went to the Underworld. Orpheus journeyed through Hades and convinced Pluto/Hades to return Eurydice, with the condition that he not turn around to look at Eurydice until they had returned to the world of humans. At the last second Orpheus turned around and Eurydice was taken from him forever Odysseus- Greek hero, also known as Ulysses, who invented the Trojan Horse and then spent ten years trying to return to his homeland in Ithaca. He battled the one-eyed monster called the Cyclops, was imprisoned by the nymph Callypso, and then had to fight off the greedy suitors who had taken over his palace because they were trying to convince Odysseus’s wife Penelope to marry them. IV. Other Major Heroes A. Bellerphon – defeats the Chimera, B. Achilles (Father = Peleus, mother =Thetis) Greek hero in the Trojan war; mother dips him in the river Styx and he comes in invincible except on the heel; defeats the Trojan hero Hector but is later killed in the heel by an arrow of Paris.
A. Erinnyes / Furies: Alecto, Tisiphone, & Megara 1. Three Sisters who were responsible for avenging / haunting those who had committed evil against the world. They were usually depicted as wild looking women, sometimes with wings, sometimes without wings. 2. Some of their more famous victims include Orestes, Oedipus, Alcmaeon, and Penthesilea the Amazon Queen. B. Gigantes / Giants tall and frightening creatures with long hair and beards. They were 24 in number. C. Sirens Creatures with the head of a woman and the body of a bird. They lived on the island of Sirenum Scopuli, three small rocky islands. With the irresistible charm of their songs, they lured mariners to their destruction on the rocks surrounding their island.
1. These three women were transformed into hideous beasts by Athena. They had skin made of scales, dragon’s wings, and hair of coiling snakes. Anyone who met their gaze was immediately turned to stone. 2. Medusa was the youngest and most beautiful of the 3 sisters. She was also the only mortal of the three. Medusa was eventually slain by Perseus with the help of the gods. The winged horse Pegasus sprung from her blood when she was beheaded.
1. Different sources describe him in different ways. Horace says 50 heads, Hesiod says 100 heads, but most others say only 3 heads. He also had the tail of a dragon & a mane of snakes. 2. Cerberus is the Watchdog of the Gates of Hell. He lies chained at the gates where the Acheron enters the Underworld, harassing the spirits as they enter. Hero encounters include Herakles, Aeneas, & Orpheus. F. Griffin This creature has the face, beak, talons, and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion. Sometimes it is portrayed with a long snake-like tale. . G. Cyclopes: These were giant creatures with one eye in the center of their forehead. H. Chimaera 1. This creature was a fire-breathing she-goat with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. 2. Its parents were Typhon and Echidna. 3. This dreaded monster took up residence in a place called Lycia and caused great havoc, killing and terrorizing all the neighboring area. In due time, the hero called Bellerophon, riding the winged horse Pegasus, challenged this beast. I. Centaurs: Chiron (Achilles’ story) & Nessus (Hercules’ story) 1. These creatures were a tribe of ½ man ½ horse. K. Hydra 1. This creature was a giant water snake with nine heads, one of which was immortal. 2. This creature inhabited the lands of Lerna. It was eventually killed by Herakles. The only way in which to kill it was to lop of each head and cauterize the neck before more head could grow back in its place. L. Minotaur 1. This creature has the body of a man and the head of a bull. 2. It is believed that the Minotaur is the offspring of Pasiphae, who was the wife of King Minos. 3. It is believed that the Minotaur was born due to a grave error of arrogance on the part of King Minos of Crete. The King bragged that he had been granted the kingdom from the gods. He declared that whatever he prayed for would be granted. Therefore he prayed to the god Poseidon to produce a beautiful bull…and thus he would sacrifice this bull to the god. However, he decided to sacrifice a different bull and offended Poseidon. Thus Poseidon contrived that Pasiphae, the queen, should fall in love with the bull, thus producing the Minotaur. Minos commissioned Daedalus to construct a great Labyrinth within which to contain the great Minotaur. Theseus is credited with the killing of the Minotaur in order to rescue the people of Crete from the yearly sacrifice of seven young men and seven maidens. M. Sphinx 1. This creature had the head of a woman, the breast, feet, & tail of a lion, AND wings of a bird. 2. She was another child of Typhon & Echidna. 3. Hera (read websites for further information on why) sent the Sphinx to harass the people of Thebes with her riddle…no one could pass unless they could solve the riddle. “What goes first by four, then by two, and at last by three?” It was the unrecognized son of Laius and Iocasta…Oedipus by name…who solved the riddle of the Sphinx. (Read the websites for further information on Oedipus.)
1. Scylla is described as having the upper body of a woman and the lower body of six dogs. Charybdis is sometimes depicted as having the upper body of a woman and the lower body of snakes…not 100% sure. 2. Scylla is often referred to as the clashing rocks…she would lure sailors towards her and crash their ships between her rocks. Charybdis is often referred to as the whirlpool…she would lure the sailors into her cavernous region and suck the ships into her whirling waves and spew them back out. It is believed that these two resided in the Straits of Messina. Roman Life I. City of Rome 
II. Seven Hills of Rome A. Situated on the Tiber River near the west central coast of Italy, Rome encompassed seven hills. 1. Capitoline Hill = this is the location of the Temple of Jupiter, the most important and revered of all of the Roman gods, hence our use of the English word Capitol 2. Palatine Hill = this is the centermost hill originally founded by Romulus, the most affluent Roman families had large homes and palaces on this hill 3. Quirinal Hill = according to legend, this hill was originally the site of the small village of the Sabines 4. Viminal Hill 5. Esquiline Hill = this hill was quite attractive to the wealthy residents of Rome because originally it overlooked the beautiful valley which was later to become the home of the Colosseum 6. Caelian Hill = under the reign of Tullius Hostilius, the entire population of Alba Longa was forced to resettle here; during the Roman Republic, like the Esquiline Hill, this was also an attractive location for the wealthy residents of the city 7. Aventine Hill = this hill was a strategic point in controlling trade on the Tiber River. B. The area in which Rome was situated was called Latium, the origin of our word Latin. C. Rome’s outlet to the sea was at Ostia, a seaport about 16 miles down the Tiber River. III. Basic Structures A. forum = a marketplace; center for business, government, & religion 1. basilica = courthouse, court 2. curia = senate house (usually the one in Rome) 3. horreum = granary (for public distribution) 4. macellum = covered market 5. tabernae = shops 6. mēnsa ponderaria = table of weights & measures 7. templa = temples (to various gods, goddesses, emperors, etc.) B. theātrum = a theater; musical performances, comedies, & tragedies. 1. cavea = seating area 2. scaena = stage C. amphitheātrum = an amphitheater; gladiatorial combats 1. cavea = seating area 2. arēna = combat floor D. circus = a racetrack; chariot racing E. thermae = the baths 1. apodytērium = changing room 2. tepidārium = warm room 3. caldārium = hot room 4. frigidārium = cold room 5. balneum = a bathing pool 6. palaestra = exercise yard 7. thermopōlium = hot food stand F. campus Martius = Field of Mars, training ground of the Roman army
A. Three types of Roman domiciles. 1. vīlla = a large farming estate usually located outside city walls. 2. domus = a townhouse located within city walls. 3. īnsula = an apartment building located with city walls. B. Common rooms of a Roman house. 1. ātrium = reception hall 2. cubiculum = bedroom, usually surrounding the atrium 3. tablīnum = master’s office / study 4. triclīnium = dining room 5. peristylium = open courtyard in the 2nd half of the house a. flower gardens / shrubbery b. vegetable / herb gardens c. statues d. fountains 6. culīna = kitchen 7. latrīna = toilet
C. Miscellaneous 1. iānua = front door 2. vestibulum / faucēs = hallway between front door and atrium 3. larārium = household shrine 4. complūvium = opening in the ceiling in the atrium 5. implūvium = rainwater pool in the center of the atrium 6. tabernae = shops often located on either side of front door V. Clothing A. Common Clothing 1. tunica = basic article of clothing worn by all people 2. sandalia = sandals 3. calceī = enclosed shoes B. Roman Men / Boys 1. toga = large woolen wrap worn only by citizens 2. toga virilis = natural white toga worn by men once they have undergone their manhood ceremony at age 15 / 16 3. toga praetexta = toga with a wide purple border worn by young boys prior to their manhood ceremony and by Roman officials C. Roman Women / Girls 1. stola = a dress, could be made of wool, linen, or silk and could be a variety of colors…all of these variations depend upon money 2. palla = a wrap similar to a toga (not as large or shaped the same) worn for the purpose of covering a “lady” in public D. Miscellaneous 1. fibula / fibulae = brooches / pins used to pin articles of clothing 2. bulla = a protective amulet worn by children, boys until their manhood ceremony, girls usually until their wedding day
VI. Household A. Family Vocabulary 1. gēns, gentis, f = clan, tribe 2. familia, -ae, f = household 3. dominus / domina = master / mistress of the household 4. pater, patris, m = father 5. marītus, -ī, m = husband 6. māter, mātris, f = mother 7. uxor, uxōris, f = wife 8. fīlius / fīlia = son / daughter 9. frater, fratris, m = brother 10. soror, sorōris, f = sister 11. lībertus / līberta = freedman / freedwoman 12. servus / ancilla = slave / slave girl a. vernae = slaves born into the household b. alumnī = slaves acquired as babies / children B. Household Relationships 1. paterfamilias = head of the household 2. patria postestas = power of the head of the household 3. patrōnus, -ī, m = patron, one who offers certain privileges / protections to his clients such as protection under the law. 4. cliēns, clientis, m = client, usually ex-slaves of a master, but also other (often lower class) men who pay respect to a patron by offering him support in his business and political endeavors. Basic Spoken Phrases I. Greetings A. salve! / salvete! = Hello! (singular / plural) B. vale! / valete! = Good-bye! (singular / plural) C. quid agis? / quid agitis? = how are you doing? (singular / plural) D. quod nomen est tibi? = what is your name? II. Questions & Answers A. quis est? = who is he / she / it? B. quid est? = what is he / she / it? C. quid agit? = what is he / she / it doing? D. ita! = yes! E. minime! = no! III. Classroom Commands A. sede! / sedete! = sit down! B. audi! / audite! = listen! C. specta! / spectate! = look! D. scribe! / scribite! = write! E. repete! / repetite! = repeat! F. responde! / respondete! = respond! G. tace! / tacete! = be quiet! H. dic! / dicite! = speak! / say! I. veni huc! / venite huc! = come here! Derivatives Throughout the year, we have consistently identified English words which are derived from our Latin vocabulary words. Therefore the FIRST source you should turn to in order to help you prepare for this aspect of the exam should be your Stage Vocabulary / Derivative worksheets. The SECOND way in which to prepare / review is to go to the vocabulary lists which accompany each story and consider the English derivatives which we brainstormed together during our classes. Expressions, Mottoes, & Abbreviations I. Expressions A. Legal Phrases bona fide in good faith habeas corpus you shall have the body in camera in chamber / in secret / closed session ipso facto by the very fact itself per se in / by itself prima facie on first appearance / at first sight pro forma as a matter of form / according to form pro tempore for the time / temporarily quid pro quo what for what / something for something res gestae things done / deeds / facts of a case which are admissible as evidence sine qua non without which not / an essential element status quo manner in which / condition sui iuris of one’s own right B. Miscellaneous Latin Phrases ad hoc with respect to this objective / purpose ad infinitum to infinity ad nauseam to the point of disgust alma mater fostering mother alter ego the other “I” ante bellum before the war cum laude with praise de facto from the fact / in point of fact / actual deo volente god willing deus ex machine a god from a machine ex libris from the library of ex officio from duty / by virtue of office or position facta non verba deeds, not words homo sapiens wise / thinking man in loco parentis in the place / position of a parent in medias res into the midst of things in memoriam in memory of in toto in the whole / complete magna cum laude with great praise magnum opus a great work mea culpa my fault panem et circenses bread and circuses per capita by heads / by the person per diem by the day / per day persona non grata a person not acceptable post mortem after death rara avis a rare bird sub rosa under the rose / in secret summa cum laude with the highest praise terra firma on solid ground / a solid footing vice versa the positions having been changed vox populi the voice of the people C. Famous Roman Quotes alea iacta est. The die has been cast. -Julius Caeasar ars longa, vita brevis. Art is long, life is short. morturi te salutamus. We, who are about to die, salute you. carpe diem. Sieze the day. -Horace cave canem. Beware of the dog. caveat emptor. Let the buyer beware. cedant arma togae. Let arms yield to the toga. Let the military yield to civil power. -Cicero de gustibus no disputandum. Concerning tastes there must not be disputing. delenda Carthago est. Carthage must be destroyed. -Cato errare est humanum. To err is human. -Seneca fortuna favet fortibus. Fortune favors the brave / strong. gaudeamus igitur. Let us rejoice therefore. in vino veritas. In wine there is truth. labor omnia vincit. Work conquers all things. -Vergil pax vobiscum. Peace be with you. quo vadis? To where are you going? tempus fugit. Times flies. veni, vidi, vici. I came, I saw, I conquered. -Julius Caesar II. Mottoes A. Mottoes of the USA and the States e pluribus unum one from many -USA annuit coeptis (God) has approved our beginnings -USA iustitia omnibus justice for all -Wash. D.C. audemus iura nostra defendere we dare to defend our rights -Alabama ditat Deus God enriches -Arizona regnat populus (regnant populi) the people rule -Arkansas nil sine numine nothing without the Deity -Colorado qui transtulit, sustinet he who transplanted continues to sustain -Connecticut esto perpetua mayest thou endure forever -Idaho ad astra per aspera to the stars through difficulties -Kansas dirigo I direct / I guide -Maine scuto bonae voluntatis tuae coronasti nos with the shield of Thy good will thou hast crowned us -Maryland ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem with the sword she seek peace under liberty -Massachusetts si quaeris peninsulam amoenam, circumspice if you seek a pleasant peninsula, look around you -Michigan vitrute et armis by valor and arms -Mississippi salus populis suprema lex esto let the welfare of the people be the supreme law -Missouri crescit eundo it grows by going / it grows as it goes -New Mexico excelsior higher -New York esse qum videri to be rather than to seem -North Carolina imperium in imperio an empire in an empire -Ohio labor omnia vincit labor conquers all things -Oklahoma alis volat propriis she flies with her own wings -Oregon animis opibusque parati prepared in spirit and riches -South Carolina dum spiro spero while I breathe I hope -South Carolina sic semper tyrannis thus always the tyrants -Virginia montani semper liberi mountaineers are always freemen -West Virginia libertas et fidelitas freedom and loyalty -West Virginia cedant arma togae let the arms yield to the toga -Wyoming B. Other Mottoes III. Abbreviations A.D. anno domini in the year of our Lord A.M. ante meridiem before the middle of the day A.U.C. anno urbis conditae in the year of the founding of the city (Rome) (basis of Roman dating prior to B.C. & A.D.) ad lib. ad libitum at one’s pleasure B.A. artium baccalaureus Bachelor of Arts (degree) c. / ca. circa near / about (used with dating years) e.g. exempli gratiae for the sake of example et al. et alii and other persons et al. et alibi and elsewhere (et alius + ibi) etc. et cetera and other things et seq. et sequens / sequentes and the one/ones following ibid. ibidem in the same place (ibi + idem) id. idem the same thing i.e. id est that is I.H.S. in hoc signo in this sign (of the cross) I.N.R.I. Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum Jesus the Nazarene King of the Jews J.D. jurum doctor doctor of laws lb. libra a pound (in weight) M.A. artium magister master of arts (degree) M.D. medicinae doctor doctor of medicine N.B. nota bene note well op. cit. opere citato in the work cited Ph.D. philosophiae doctor doctor of philosophy (degree) P.M. post meridiem after the middle of the day P.S. post script written after (appended information) pro tem. pro tempore for the time (temporarily) Q.E.D. quod erat demonstrandum which was to be proven Q.E.F. quod erat faciendum which was to be done R.I.P. requiescat in pace may he / she rest in peace sc., scil. scilicet it is permitted to know / that is to say S.P.Q.R. Senatus Populusque Romanus
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