Nations uniesGlobally Unique Identifiers (GUID)
Terms and Vocabularies http://vocabularies.gbif.org/ http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/data-organization http://standard.biodinfo.org/bsbc/ http://dev.e-taxonomy.eu/trac/wiki/CommonDataModel http://www.openarchives.org/ http://www.biodiversitya-z.org http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/4/311 http://gensc.org/ http://www.gbif.org/resources/2647 http://www.bionomenclature.net/ http://terms.tdwg.org/wiki/Darwin_Core Section V: Enhancing the Utility of Assessments for Decision Makers and Practitioners IPBES aims to encourage decision makers and other practitioners to use its assessment findings, as set out in its third function: “Promote the development and use of policy support tools and methodologies so that the results of assessments can be more effectively applied with a particular focus on policy support tools”. This section describes ways of making assessment findings useful for decision-makers and practitioners. The first chapter focuses on policy support tools and methodologies. It draws on the work of the expert group for Deliverable 4c, including the guide and in particular the Catalogue of Policy Support Tools. The second chapter focuses on communication and stakeholder engagement. While there is a communication and stakeholder engagement plan for IPBES, it is recommended that assessments (particularly regional, national and local assessments), have their own plan to ensure that the assessment process is relevant, credible and legitimate to end users. This is a short chapter outlining key principles, and issues around communication and stakeholder engagement with reference to other key resources.
Coordinating Authors: Sebsebe Demissew, Julia Carabias, Thomas Koetz, Lucy Wilson Authors: Jay Ram Adhikari, Mialy Andriamahefazafy, Sujata Arora, Ivar Andreas Baste, Gunay Erpul, Ersin S. Esen, Moustafa Mokhtar Ali Fouda, Mary George, Steve Hatfield-Dodds, Howard Hendriks, Claudia Ituarte Lima, Tatiana Kluvankova, Ryo Kohsaka, Claudio C Maretti, Juana L. Marino, Rodger Lewis Mpande, Emmanuel Munyeneh, Roberto Oliva, Paul Ongugo, Unai Pascual, György Pataki, Tamar Pataridze, László Podmaniczky, Irene Ring, Leonel Sierralta, Azime Tezer, Juliette Young, Carlos Ivan Zambrana-Flores.
There is a wide range of policy support tools and methodologies available for different purposes, at various stages of the policy cycle. Despite the abundance of ecosystem service-related tools, there have been few systematic reviews or evaluations of ecosystem services tools that have determined their strengths, weaknesses, and applicability to various settings or that have simultaneously applied several tools to a common study area (Bagstad et al. 2013). Consequently, it is often difficult for decision-makers, at different scales, to access information on policy support tools and methodologies, or to identify how relevant these tools and methodologies might be for their specific context. To address this challenge, IPBES will support decision-makers forming and implementing policy by identifying policy-relevant tools and methodologies (including those arising from assessments) and making them easier for decision-makers to access. Where necessary, the Platform will also catalyse the further development of policy support tools and methodologies19. An expert group has been established to support the MEP and Bureau in developing a ‘Catalogue of Policy Support Tools and Methodologies’ in order to provide guidance on how the further development of such tools and methodologies could be promoted and catalysed in the context of the Platform. This catalogue and guidance will be reviewed at the 3rd Plenary session in January 2015 (IPBES 3/3/5; IPBES 3/INF/8). This chapter is based on draft guidance developed by the expert group, which provides a clear definition and explanation of what ‘policy support tools and methodologies’ are and conceptualizes these in the context of IPBES objectives, functions and its conceptual framework (IPBES 3/3/5; IPBES 3/INF/8). The draft guidance also suggests how the further development of the policy tools and methodologies could be promoted and catalysed and recommends how policy tools and methodologies could be more systematically identified, made accessible and disseminated by the Platform. Collectively, the catalogue and guidance seek to serve the needs of a range of social actors, focusing primarily, but not exclusively, on diverse decision-makers and implementing bodies and information providers and brokers. They also provide a channel for IPBES to engage in dialogues with other conventions and initiatives with similar visions and complementary mandates to explore possible synergies on the use and further development of relevant tools and methodologies. 11.1.1 What are policy support tools and methodologies? The draft guidance (IPBES 3/3/5; IPBES 3/INF/8) defines policy support tools and methodologies as: “Policy support tools and methodologies are approaches and techniques based on science and other knowledge systems that can inform and assist policy-making and implementation at local, national, regional and international levels to protect and promote nature, nature’s benefits to people, and a good quality of life.” This definition seeks to include all tools and methodologies that can contribute to desired outcomes for people and nature in relation to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Such a broad definition is needed to support the development of a comprehensive catalogue and guidance that is useful for policy makers, member states, allied organisations, and other stakeholders. The context of policy support tools and methodologies is important. Specifically, they need to be understood in the context of socio-ecological challenges and what can be done to tackle them. Figure 11.1 provides a simple illustration of the interrelation of policy formulation, policy instrument design and implementation, and policy support tools and methodologies for biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystem services.
In accordance with the IPBES mandate, it is suggested the policy support function of IPBES should focus on:
These goals will be achieved through the development of an online, user-focused platform. In addition to being a repository of high quality information on available policy support tools and methodologies, the catalogue will enable decision-makers, practitioners and other social groups to adopt a step-wise approach to identify the most relevant tools and methodologies for their individual needs. A seven family typology of approaches and techniques has been proposed by the expert group based on the broad challenges that may arise in the development and implementation of sound policy for the benefit of people and nature. Box 11.1 provides a list of these families and gives examples of tools and methodologies for each one. The catalogue of policy support tools and methodologies will eventually be able to provide further guidance on how to use the tools and methodologies it contains.
In the context of IPBES, assessments relate to policy support tools and methodologies in three distinct dimensions. Firstly, assessments are an important policy support tool in their own right. Assessment reports and the assessment process itself have become powerful tools in environmental governance. Whether regulated in the context of e.g. Environmental Impact Assessments or as a result of a larger international initiative, such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, assessment reports and processes have become critical tools within policy making, in particular for the agenda setting and review phase of the policy-cycle. Secondly, as part of their process, assessments also incorporate and utilize other policy support tools and methodologies. For example, they use scenarios (see Chapter 6 on Scenarios; Henrichs et al. 2010) to explore future changes to ecosystems and services they deliver, and valuation methodologies to better understand the trade-offs in the different kinds of values within and among stakeholders (see Chapter 5 on Values). Policy support tools can also help to visualise and communicate the findings of an assessment to different audiences. For instance, maps can be effective tools for displaying spatial variation in the delivery of ecosystem services at numerous scales. Further examples of tools and methodologies can be found in Box 11.1. Thirdly, assessments are key mechanisms for identifying effective policy responses or policy instruments, as well as the policy support tools and methodologies needed to implement these policy instruments in the most rigorous and effective way. An assessment can evaluate the effectiveness of a range of policy instruments with different contexts, sectors and scales (such as Protected Areas Schemes or Payments for Ecosystem Services Schemes). They can also identify which policy support tools and methodologies have been used in implementing these policy instruments and their strengths and weaknesses (e.g. availability of the tool and/or data needed to feed it, effectiveness, practicability and replicability of current and emerging policy support tools and methodologies). They can identify gaps and what is needed to further strengthen the policy support tools and methodologies. In ensuring that all IPBES assessments identify and assess the availability, effectiveness, practicability and replicability of current and emerging policy support tools and methodologies, as well as their gaps and needs, IPBES assessments will also provide a key mechanism to provide substance to the catalogue of policy support tools and methodologies and keep it up-to-date as new tools and methodologies are made available.
IPBES assessments play a key role in identifying and assessing current and emerging policy support tools and methodologies. In particular, when assessing the effectiveness of policy responses or policy instruments, assessments should systematically identify and assess policy support tools and methodologies as defined by the expert group on deliverable 4c. In doing so, the assessments should address aspects such as the availability, effectiveness, practicability and reliability of policy support tools and methodologies, as well as their requirements, needs and gaps. Key resources
Chapter 12: Communication and stakeholder engagement 12.1 Communication Communication and outreach are necessary to ensure that assessment results are put into use and have an impact. An assessment itself can be thought of as a communication tool between researchers and decision-makers, as it translates scientific information into policy-relevant information. If an assessment is technically proficient but fails to communicate, it tends to fail overall. Therefore, choosing the best ways to present the information from the assessment to the intended audiences deserves great care (Box 12.1). The overall products should be readable, understandable, and unambiguous. ![]() A communication strategy should be developed at the outset and followed carefully, with continuous communication and capacity building throughout the assessment process. The main purpose of developing a communication strategy at the start of the assessment is to ensure the right people are communicated with at the right time via the right media, with salient and useful information (Box 12.2). It helps to focus resources on the specific communication ideas that are most beneficial to achieving the overall assessment goal. Once the data analysis has reached a conclusion, communication of the key findings and messages is very important.
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