Ogtr document

variety (Hartmann & Kester 1975).

a^ Amphidiploids are tetraploids containing the diploid chromosome set of both parents.

b^ Syntenic genes are conserved blocks of genes within sets of chromosomes that are being compared.

a^ Allelochemicals are secondary metabolites, which are not required for plant metabolism. They are often involved in plant defence against herbivores.

b^ Rapeseed is used here instead of canola, as some old, non-canola quality varieties might still be used in some areas.

c^ Broad acre is a term used, mainly in Australia, to describe farms or industries engaged in the production of grains, oilseeds and other crops, or the grazing of livestock for meat or wool, on a large scale.

d^ Nick Goddard is the Executive Director of the Australian Oilseeds Federation.

e^ Winter crops include barley, canola, chickpeas, faba beans, field peas, lentils, linseed, lupins, oats, safflower, triticale and wheat (ABARES 2015).

f^ Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are beneficial soil fungi. There are obligate symbionts colonising the roots of most crop and pasture species grown in Australia. The fungi provide nutrients (mainly phosphorus and zinc) to the plants in return for photosyntates. Brassica sp do not host AM fungi.

g^ An isohyet is a line on a map connecting points having the same amount of rainfall in a given period.

h^ Biofumigation was first defined as the pest suppressive action of decomposing Brassica spp. tissues. It was later expanded to include other animal and plant residues.

i^ Quantitative Trait Loci are loci that correlate with variation in a given phenotype.

j^ Cleistogamy describes the trait of certain plants to propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers.

k^ Multilines are mixtures of lines differing in a specific disease or pest resistance and bred for phenotypic uniformity of agronomic traits.

l^ Heterosis refers to the phenomenon that progeny of diverse varieties of a species or crosses between species exhibit greater biomass, speed of development, and fertility than both parents.

m^ A and B are genetically identical except that B possesses normal cytoplasm and is therefore male-fertile.

a^ Self-incompatibility is the ability of a fertile hermaphrodite plant to recognize and reject its own pollen, preventing self-fertilization (Hiroi et al. 2013). 50 out of 57 of Brassica species (including B. rapa or B. oleracea) are self-incompatible. For these species, self-incompatibility causes the inhibition of pollen tube growth. Self-recognition mechanisms have been heavily studied in B. rapa.

B. napus and B. juncea are mainly self-compatible, with the exception of some lines (Cui et al. 1999; Stone et al. 2003). Some authors have suggested that self-incompatible lines could be used for hybrid breeding. See OECD (2012) for review.

b^ Volunteers are unwanted plants in succeeding crops emerging from the soil seedbank.

c^ A seedbank is defined by Gulden & Shirtliffe (2009) as a place where seeds remain until germination.

d^ A dormant seed does not have the capacity to germinate in a specified period of time under any combination of normal physical environmental factors that are otherwise favourable for its germination (Finch-Savage & Leubner-Metzger 2006).

e^ Pre-harvest sprouting is the phenomenon of seeds germinating on the mother plant following rain during maturation and before harvest (Feng et al. 2009).

a^ The Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) is a permissible human daily exposure to contaminants associated with the consumption of otherwise wholesome and nutritious food (FSANZ 2003). The tolerable intake is referred to as “provisional” as there is often a lack of data on the consequences of human exposure at low levels and new data may result in changes to the tolerable intake.

b^ Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more molecules that influence the growth, survival and reproduction of other organisms.

c^ Napins consist of a small and large protein chain linked by disulphide bonds and are extremely resistant to pepsin digestion or temperature/pH denaturation.

d^ Seed meal composition is generally compared to that of soybean meal because of its prevalence as an animal feed source.

a^ Sodicity refers to the amount of sodium held in a soil. A sodic soil is defined as a soil containing sufficient sodium to negatively impact crop production and soil structure.

a^ Naturalised, non-native species may be defined as those that have been introduced, become established and that now reproduce naturally in the wild, without human intervention (Groves et al. 2003).

b^ Environmental weeds are naturalised, non-native species that have invaded non-agricultural areas of natural vegetation and are presumed to impact negatively on native species diversity or ecosystem function. Environmental weeds are distinguished from agricultural weeds by the ecosystem they impact.

c^ Nigel Ainsworth is Principal Officer for the Agriculture and Rural Division, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Victoria State Government.

d^ The authors surveyed two different areas in NSW, referred to as northern and southern NSW. Northern NSW covers Narrabri, Gunnedah, Tamworth, Glen Innes, Inverell and Moree. Southern NSW covers Culcairn, Wagga Wagga, Cowra, West Wyalong, Narrandera and Tocumwal.

a^ A leptokurtic distribution is a statistical distribution with a more acute peak and fatter tails than found in a normal distribution.

b^ This study focused on GM-pollination of non-GM crops.

a^ In Western Australia, mustard lines tested can reach maturity in 4.5 to 5 months (Gunasekera et al. 2001; Oram et al. 2005a).

b^ This figure is based on an average 1.32 t/ha yield over the period 2013-2016 (ABARES 2015).

c^ This figure is based on a 1 t/ha yield.

d^ Observed yield loss ranged from 3 to 21% depending on wheat cultivars. However, these results were shown as not significantly different from those obtained in weed-free fields (Zerner & Gill 2011).