Opm report Template version 5

Glossary

Adaptive capacity: The ability of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities or to respond to consequences (IPCC 2014).

Coping capacity: The ability of people, institutions, organisations and systems, using available skills, values, beliefs, resources and opportunities, to address, manage and overcome adverse conditions in the short to medium term (UNISDR 2009).

Climate change: A change in the climate that persists for decades or longer, arising from either natural causes or human activity (IPCC 2014).

Resilience: The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential function, identity, and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation (adapted from IPCC 2014). In this study it also has two subcomponents: coping capacity and adaptive capacity.

Disaster risk mitigation: The systematic process of using administrative directives, organisations and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster (UNISDR 2009).

Vulnerability: The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard (UNISDR 2009).

1Introduction

DFID has contracted OPM to conduct a feasibility and design consultancy for an International Climate Fund-funded intervention on social protection and climate change in Mozambique.

According to the Terms of Reference, the overarching purpose of this work is to provide a sound analysis and design to enable DFID Mozambique to support the implementation of an effective, climate-sensitive approach to social protection in the country. In this light, the main research question for this study is:

What is the appropriate programming approach to support the implementation of an effective, climate-sensitive approach to social protection in Mozambique?

Three simultaneous research studies have contributed to answering this question. First, Irish Aid has commissioned the IIED to explore the different opportunities, approaches and procedures for aligning social protection with climate resilience interventions that benefit poor households (Irish Aid and IIED, 2016). Second, the Shock-Responsive Social Protection Systems study led by OPM and commissioned by DFID aims to strengthen the evidence base for demonstrating when and how social protection systems can better scale up in response to shocks in low-income countries and fragile and conflict-affected states (Kardan et al. 2016). Finally, DFID contracted OPM to conduct the feasibility study mentioned above and presented in this report. Although each has its own distinctive objective, the three studies will together contribute to our understanding of how to achieve better climate-sensitive social protection programming in Mozambique.

In this context, and to exploit synergies between studies and reduce duplications, this research focuses on the assessment of the PASP in its existing objectives, design and delivery systems. This research also identifies key programme features to be improved or tested to develop an effective, inclusive and climate-sensitive PASP, learning from and building on examples of best practice within the region and the country.

This assignment relies mostly on key informant interviews in Maputo, secondary sources and one field visit to Chibuto, where key informants like the INAS delegation, district administration and PASP beneficiaries were interviewed. To increase the robustness of our work, our findings were compared as far as possible with those of the other two studies mentioned above, who incorporated key research questions relating to this study into their own research in order to test the extent to which our own findings were corroborated by their research. Early findings were validated with INAS and DFID.

Based on the assessment of PASP, the wider social protection and climate resilience system and policies, as well as the political and institutional contexts, this report proposes a number of alternative areas for DFID support around policy, implementation, research and coordination.

This report is organised as follows. In the first section, the vulnerability context in Mozambique isbriefly described, emphasising the relevance of a climate-sensitive social protection. The second section presents a theoretical framework linking PWPs to resilience. The framework focuses on the impacts of PWPs on resilience through three vectors: wage, assets and skills. This section also describes the different requirements for these linkages to take place. The next section provides an assessment of PASP performance in relation to wage, assets and skills, and identifies key design and implementation challenges limiting programme impact. The next section identifies four potential areas for DFID involvement: operational support, policy support, research support, and support for development partner coordination. It recommends that consolidation of key programme systems should be a priority prior to the expansion of programme coverage or diversification into additional operational activities, so as to ensure that core programme delivery is safeguarded. The report concludes with a summary of the proposed phasing of the DFID programme of support. It lays out the institutional coordination requirements, establishing that the provision of significant operational funding should be contingent on the achievement of key policy and programming revisions.

Annex A sets out the role of PASP within the National Strategy for Basic Social Security (ENSSB II) during the 2016 to 2024 period, while Annex B lists suggested priority issues to be introduced for discussion during the period of INAS programme review (April to June 2016).