ot reja: Ot so’z turkumi haqida umumiy ma’lumotlar Atoqli va turdosh otlar (Common and Proper Nouns) Donalab sanaladigan va donalab sanalmaydigan otlar (Countable and Noncountable Nouns) Otlarda son (Number) Qo’shma otlar ko’pligi ot

Odam, hayvon, o‘simlik, hasharot va ularning qismlarini atovchi otlar:

PEOPLE
(ODAM)

a boy
(bir) bola

a girl
(bir) qiz
a man
(bir) kishi
a student
(bir) student
a teacher
(bir)
o‘qituvchi
a wife
(bir) rafiqa
a woman
(bir) ayol
ANİMALS
(HAYVON)

a cat
(bir) mushuk

a dog
(bir) it
a horse
(bir) ot
a mouse
(bir) sichqon
a tiger
(bir) yo‘lbars
a wolf
(bir) bo‘ri
a zebra
(bir) zebra


PLANTS
(O‘SIMLIK)

a cactus
(bir) kaktus

a bush
(bir) buta
a flower
(bir) gul
an oak
(bir) eman
a potato
(bir)
kartoshka
a rose
(bir) atirgul
a tree
(bir) daraxt
İNSECTS
(HASHART)

an ant
(bir) chumoli

a butterfly
(bir) kapalak
a caterpillar
(bir) qurt
a fly
(bir)pashsha
a mite
(bir) burga
a tick
(bir) kana
a wasp
(bir) ari


PARTS
(QISM)

an ankle
(bir) to‘piq

a bone
(bir) suyak
a face
(bir) yuz
a head
(bir) bosh
a nose
(bir) burun
an ear
(bir) quloq
a wing
(bir) qanot

Ba’zi donalab sanalmaydigan otlar ro‘yxati:

accommodation — turar joy, boshpana
advice — maslahat
baggage — bagaj, yuk
bread — non
furniture — mebel
money — pul
homework — uy ishi
luck — omad, baxt
luggage — yuk, bagaj
information — ma’lumot
sand — qum
measles — qizamiq
mumps — tepki
food — oziq-ovqat
soap — sovun
chaos — xaos, tartibsizlik
damage — nosozlik, buzilish
work — ish
economics — iqtisod news — yangilik(lar)
permission — ruxsat
progress — yutuq, muvaffaqiyat
scenery — manzara
traffic — qatnov
weather — ob-havo
air — havo
meat — go‘sht
physics — fizika
advertising — reklama qilish
mathematics — matematika
politics — siyosat

time so‘zi vaqt ma’nosida donalab sanalmaydigan ot sifatida ishlatiladi.
time so‘zi marta ma’nosida esa donalab sanaladigan ot bo‘lib keladi.
We have spent too much time on this homework (donalab sanalmaydi).
Biz bu uy vazifasiga juda ko‘p vaqtsarfladik.
She has been late for class six times this semester (donalab sanaladi).
U bu semestrda olti marta darsga kech qoldi.
travel oti umuman sayohat qilish ma’nosini bildiradi va faqat birlikda ishlatiladi (a travel deyish noto‘g‘ri).
Ammo a journey oti ma’lum bir joyga sayohat qilishni bildiradi va artikl
bilan keladi:
Did you have a good journey? Sayohatingiz yaxshi o‘tdimi?
Yana bir nechta so’zlar borki ular gapdaagi ma’nosiga qarab countable noun va uncountable noun bo’lishi mumkin:
Bular :

• 
  glass,
  - Windows are made of glass. Oynalar shishadan tayyorlanadi.
  - I drank a glass of wine. Men bir stakan vino ichdim.
  
• 
  hair
  - She has brown hair. Uning sochlari jigarrang
  - He found a hair from the bag. U sumkasidan soch tolasini topdi.
  
• 
  iron,
  - Iron is a metal. Temir metallar.
  - I pressed my shirt with iron. Men ko’ylagimni dazmolladim
  
• 
  paper,
  - I need paper to write letter. Men xat yozishim uchun qog’oz kerak
  - I bought paper. Men gazeta sotib oldim.
  
• 
  experience,
  - I didn’t have much experience with computer. Meni kompyuter bo’yicha malakam ko’p emas.
  - We had many interesting experiences our trip. Sayohatimizda ko’pgina qiziqarli voqealar bo’ldi.
  
  
  

Otlarda son (Number)
Otlar birlik va ko‘plikda ishlatiladi. Otlarning birlikdagi shakli bitta buyum yoki shaxsni ifodalaydi: a table — stol, a pen — ruchka. Otlarning ko‘plikdagi shakli ikki yoki undan ortiq buyumlarni yoki shaxslarni ifodalaydi: tables — stollar, pens — ruchkalar.
1. Ingliz tilida otlarning ko‘pligi ularga -s qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan
yasaladi. Bu qo‘shimcha jarangsiz undoshdan keyin [s] deb o‘qiladi, jarangli
undoshlar va unlilardan keyin [z] deb o‘qiladi: jarangsiz jarangli
map — maps hand — hands
belt — belts shoe — shoes
safe — safes bag — bags
2. -s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh harflari bilan tugagan otlarga -es qo‘shimchasi
qo‘shiladi va [ız] deb o‘qiladi:
class — classes dish — dishes
box — boxes inch — inches
3. -se, -ce, -ze, -ge bilan tugagan otlarga qo‘shilgan -s qo‘shimchasi [ız]
deb talaffuz qilinadi:
horse — horses place — places
prize — prizes judge — judges
4. Otlar oxiridagi -y harfiga ko‘plik qo‘shimchasi –es qo‘shilganda –y harfi -i ga aylanadi:
army — armies company — companies
city — cities factory — factories
-y bilan tugagan bir bo‘g‘inli so‘zlarga -s qo‘shilganda u o‘zgarmaydi:
day — days boy — boys toy — toys key — keys
5. O harfi bilan tugagan so‘zlarga –es qo‘shiladi:
cargo — cargoes — yuk tomato — tomatoes — pomidor
hero — heroes — qahramon potato — potatoes — kartoshka
Lekin quydagi so‘zlarga –s qo‘shiladi:
Piano — pianos — pianino photo — photos — fotografiya
6. -f, -fe bilan tugagan otlarga –es, -s qo‘shiladi va f harfi v ga aylanadi:
leaf — leaves — yaproq knife — knives — pichoq
wolf — wolves — bo‘ri wife — wives — xotin
Ammo quyidagilarga -s qo‘shimchasi qo‘shilganda o‘zgarmaydi:
chief — chiefs — boshliq
roof — roofs — tom
safe — safes — seyf
handkerchief — handkerchiefs — ro‘molcha
wharf — wharfs; wharves — pristan
7. Ba’zi otlarning ko‘pligi, qo‘shimcha qo‘shilmasdan, o‘zagidan o‘zgaradi:
man — men — erkak woman — women — ayol
goose — geese — g‘oz foot — feet — oyoq
mouse — mice — sichqon ox — oxen — ho‘kiz
child — children — bola
8. Grek va lotin tilidan kirib kelgan so‘zlarning ko‘pligi quyidagi cha
yasaladi:
datum [deitam] berilgan kattalik data [deita]
addendum [a’dendam] qo‘shimcha addenda [a`denda]
erratum [i’reitam] xato errata [i’reita]
memorandum [mema’randam] memorandum memoranda[mema`randa]
phenomenon [fi’nominan] ko‘rinish phenomina [finomina]
basis [beisis] asos bases [beisi:z] crises [kraisis] inqiroz crises [kraisi:z]
9. penny — pens otining ikkita ko‘pligi bor:
pence — pul birligi ma’nosida;
pennies — tangalar, chaqalar ma’nosida.
10. sheep — qo‘y, fish — baliq otlari birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega:
This farm has a great number of sheep. Bu fermaning qo‘ylari ko‘p.
I caught two fish. Men ikkita baliq tutdim. Ammo baliq turlari haqida gapirganimizda fishning ko‘pligi fishes bo‘ladi:
In this lake there are fishes of many varities. Bu ko‘lda turli baliqlar bor.
11. dozen — dyujina (o‘n ikkitalik), score — yigirmatalik so‘zlaridan
oldin son kelsa birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi. Two dozen of eggs — 2 dyujina tuxum, three score of years — oltmish yil. Bu otlar oldidan son kelmasa ko‘plikda –s qo‘shimchsini oladi: Pack the books in dozens, please. Kitoblarni dyujinalab o‘rang. Scores of people were present there. U yerda yigirmatalab (ko‘p) odamlar bor edi.
12. works — zavod, zavodlar, means — vosita, vositalar otlari birlik va
ko‘plikda bir xil shaklga ega bo‘ladi: A new glass works has been built near the village. Qishloq yaqinida yangi shisha zavodi qurildi.
There are two brick works outsidethe town. Shahar tashqarisida ikkita g‘isht zavodi bor. He found a means of helping them. U ularga yordam berish vositasini topdi.
Are there any other means of helping them? Ularga yordam berishning boshqa yo‘llari bormi?