V. Matnni o`qing va tarjima qiling: DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPUTERS
The very word calculate which is derived from the Latin "calculus' means a small stone. The ancient Greek wrote and calculated with pebbles, moving the hand from left to right, the Egyptians did the opposite.
Early peoples found two needs for calculation. The first was a need for the basic enumerations of money, herds, lands. Another was the need for a calendar to account the seasons.
The earliest device for carrying out the ordinary operations of arithmetic was the abacus.
The second calculating machine was advice for multiplication made by the discoverer of logarithms. The introduction of logarithms, which completely revolutionized the computation, occurred near the beginning of the 17th century by John Napier.
The first computing machine that might be called the prototype of that in use today was invented by B. Pascal in 1642. His machine was designed to do addition and subtraction. Leibnitz, another genius, designed a computing machine in 1671 and completed it in 1664.
In 1888 it was invented a machine that printed figures, and sorted cards. The cards contained holes and with the help of electromagnetic relays their distribution was activated by contacts through the holes.
From that time, progress was rapid, because machines working on the relay principle were replaced in 1944 by electronic mechanisms. In 1948 it was invented transistor which replaced vacuum tubes and the calculating power of these new machines was derived very largely from their memories and their great speed.
Subsequent development of computer has led to a social revolution. Man suddenly discovered that he had created an instrument that far transcended many of his own powers.
If the mankind had not invented the computer it would not have achieved such progress in all spheres of technology.
