O’zbekiston respublikasi oliy va o’rta maxsus ta’lim vazirligi mirzo ulug’bek nomidagi o’zbekiston milliy universiteti

XI. Ikkitadan bo`lib ishlab savollarga javob bering:

1. 
   What does the word "calculus" mean?
   
2. 
   Where did the word "calculus" come from?
   
3. 
   What needs did the early peoples find for calculation?
   
4. 
   When was the first calculating device invented?
   
5. 
   What operations can be carried out with the help of calculator?
   
6. 
   Leibnitz was the inventor of calculating machine, wasn't he?
   

XII. Inglizcha gapirib bering:

1. Xisob qachon paydo bo`lgan?

2. Birinchi xisoblash mashinasini kim va qachon ixtiro etgan?

3. Xisoblash mashinasining rivojlanishi.
XIII. Dialogdan ikkitadan bo`lib o`qib, o`zaro savollarga javob bering:

A. Do you know the derivation of the word "calculate?"

B. Yes, I do. It derived from the Latin "calculus" which means a small stone.

A. What were stones used for?

B. Stones were used for counting herds, lands and later money. B. Quite so, but the first calculating machines were primitive devices for the ordinary arithmetic opera­tions and were called abacus.

A. So, those stones were the first prototype of our calcu­lating machines, weren't they?

B. Of course, I do. The first inventor was B. Pascal and later it was designed and completed by Leib­niz.

A. But, nowadays almost everybody has a pocket cal­culating machine and can use it, but not everybody can call the inventor of this machine. Do you know who was the first inventor?
A, This invention was the beginning of a rapid progress, and what about the further development?

B. The further development was characterized by the invention of a machine with ellectromagnetic relays, and then it was invented transistor that permited to make complex operations with great speed.