Page 1 Report Substrate Materials for intersectoral biogas strategy Foreword
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- Translated version of CPA report.pdf Page 1
- Potential We estimate the realistic potential for biogas production in Norway to 2020 to be around 2.3 TWh.
- In the longer term, other material such as forest waste, algae and sludge from aquaculture be appropriate for
 Translated version of CPA report.pdf
Report Substrate Materials for intersectoral biogas strategy Foreword In Climate Report (Meld. St. 21 (2011-2012)), the Government decided that it should develop a national, cross-sectoral strategy to increase the production and use of biogas in Norway. In November 2012 was Climate and Pollution Agency (CPA) in the Ministry of the Environment to prepare a support material to this strategy. Biogas is a renewable source of energy that can be produced from resources that are seen as by-products or waste. This report briefly describes how biogas can be produced and applied to various purpose and how the residual product of biogas production - organic fertilizer - can be utilized. Furthermore, we provide a overview of the status of biogas production and use in Norway, before we look at the possibilities of increase production beyond current levels. Because it's remaining potential in the short term is utilization of organic waste and manure, it is these two raw materials we have looked at. We compile cost and benefit effects for the production and use of biogas, focusing on use of biogas as fuel and feed into an existing natural gas network. Finally, we describe existing measures and barriers, before pointing to possible new instruments to trigger the various parts of the potential. The report was prepared for the period November 2012-April 2013 by CPA with professional input from a reference group consisting of Transnova, Enova, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (VD), Norwegian Agricultural Authority (SLF), Customs and Excise (TAD) and the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE). In addition conducted a survey to identify barriers and measures and to update cost figures, as well as a proposal meeting with about 50 participants from industry and individual meetings with several actors. Bioforsk v / Senior Tormod Briseid, Institute of Transport Economics (TOI) v / researcher RolfHagman and Waste Norway v / Henrik Lystad and Roy Ulvang has also provided technical input. We thank everyone involved for valuable discussions and suggestions! Oslo, April 2013 Audun Rosland Deputy
Chapter 1 - General 29 How are 29 Advantages in the production and use of biogas and organic fertilizer............................ ................. 30 Distribution system for 33 How can biogas 33 How can bio fertilizer used .............................................. ................................................ 38 Value Chain 39 "Optimal production and use of biogas" - what does that mean?....................... 40 Biogas and Renewable Energy Directive 44 Chapter 2 - Status of biogas 47 48 Collection Construction - landfill gas .......................... .................................................. . 48 Production plants - 49 Production plants - Planned 52 Export of organic waste for biogas production in Denmark and Sweden ................................... 52 Use of 54 Other 54 Chapter 3 - Potential for production and use of biogas in Norway .............................. 57 Potential for biogas production in Norway ......................................................................... 57 Definition of potential and methodology ..................................................................... 57 The realistic potential for biogas production in Norway by 2020 ........................................ 58 The potential long- 61 Climate impact of the utilization of different feedstock .................... ....................................... 62 Regional distribution of 63 Chapter 4 - Economic evaluations of the production and use of biogas ................................... 73 Economics 74 Part 1 - Production 74
6 Part 2 - 86 Business economics 97 Use of 101 Prospects, uncertainty and sensitivity analyzes ............................................. ........................ 103 Other uncertainties 105 Chapter 5 - Existing measures and barriers ........................................... ................................... 123 Existing 123 Existing measures - access to raw materials for biogas plants .......................................... .. 126 Existing instruments - the production of biogas ............................................ ......................... 127 Existing measures - use of biogas ............................................ .................................... 128 What is done in the second 129 Which barriers experienced? 132 Access to raw materials for 132 Production of 133 Use of 134 Summary of 136 Chapter 6 - New instruments, strengthening of existing measures and instruments menus. 137 Brief Summary of 137 Discussion of some relevant measures ............................................. ............................................. 140 "Push" or 140 Investment or production support? .................................................. ............................. 140 How fast increase of biogas production is desired? ........................................... ............................. 141 How to prevent fossil natural gas displaces biogas? .......................................... ............... 142 Use of tax on options for biogas ........................................... ....................................... 142 Discussion of legal and informational measures to increase the supply of organic waste to biogas plants 143 Feedback from the survey - instruments ............................................. .............. 145 Examples of 146 Review of possible new measures ............................................. ........................................... 151 1 Measures to improve access to raw materials - organic waste and manure ...................... 154 1.1 Organic waste 154 2 Measures to increase the production of biogas ........................................... ............................... 163 3 Funding for increased use of biogas and bio fertilizer .......................................... ................. 166 3.1 Increased use of biogas 166 3.2 Increased use of 175 4 Transverse 179 183
Appendix 1: Potential for biogas production ........... ........................................... 187 Annex 2 a): Background figures with assumptions and sources............. .......................... 191 Annex 2 b): 197 Appendix 3 a) Existing and new instruments in the waste sector ........................... 209 Review of existing instruments .............................................. ................................... 209 New instruments 215 Appendix 3 b) Existing measures in the agricultural sector are significant for biogas plants ......... 219 Means direct 219 Indirect 220 Investment into biogas plant, box ............................................. ............................... 222 223 Appendix 3 c) Existing measures in the transport sector .......................................... ...................... 225 Investment and more from Transnova ............................................. ........................................ 225 What we have 225 Use Addicted 226 Taxes on gasoline, diesel, natural gas and electricity ......................................... .......................... 226 Non-user-dependent 227 One-time fee 227 Appendix 3 d) Existing instruments for use in other sectors ....................................... ................ 231 Electricity certificates 231 Natural Gas Act and the Natural Gas Regulations ............................................... 231 Appendix 3 e) Existing instruments - general .......................................... ................................. 233 Investment from Innovation Norway .............................................. ....................................... 233 Enova 233 Appendix 4: 235 Appendix 5: Industrial value chain for biogas Jæren ......................................... .............................. 237 Biogas production at 237 Upgrade 239 Distribution of upgraded biogas (biomethane) ........................................... ............................... 240 Summary 241 Summary Biogas is a renewable energy source that can be produced by various organic materials and may used for many different purposes such as electricity generation, heating and transport. Production and use of biogas has many beneficial effects, such as reduction of greenhouse gases and ammonia, recycling of nutrients, reduction of local air pollution and production of biofuels without seizing arable land. Potential We estimate the realistic potential for biogas production in Norway to 2020 to be around 2.3 TWh. Only a small part of the potential has already triggered; currently produce around 0.5 TWh of biogas. The remaining realistic potential for biogas production in the short term is dominated by organic waste (less than 1 TWh) and manure (approximately 0.7 TWh). In the longer term, other material such as forest waste, algae and sludge from aquaculture be appropriate for biogas production and can increase the potential significantly. Improvements in the production process will increase potential further. The theoretical potential for biogas production in Norway is in earlier studies estimated to be about 6 TWh. Not all the raw materials are available for biogas production, since some already applied for example, feed production or are very difficult to exploit for biogas production. We estimate the realistic potential for biogas production in the short term (to 2020) to be around 2.3 TWh. Only a small part of the potential is already triggered, currently produced around 0.5 TWh of biogas, see Figure 1 About half of the current production is collected landfill gas, of which an estimated half utilized for energy purposes and the remainder is flared. Production of biogas is now very common in treatment of sewage sludge where the majority of the potential is already exploited. This substrate is therefore not be discussed further in this report. The remaining realistic potential for biogas production in the short term is therefore dominated by organic waste (less than 1 TWh or 880 000 t of waste) and manure (approximately 0.7 TWh), see Figure 2 Organic waste includes both food waste from households, large households and commerce, as well as waste from commercial activities, such as waste from fish harvesting, bakeries, butchers etc. assessment of the realistic potential is taken into account that part of the wet organic waste already utilized for such feed production. As shown in Figure 2, the potential for energy output divided almost equally between manure and waste, given that the potential is triggered (880 000 tonnes of organic waste and 3.9 million tons of manure). The potential for biogas production as we have assumed in this report are for biowaste waste based on that 50% of food waste from households and 80% of food waste from large households and commerce are separated and collected. Today's rejection rate for food waste from households around 30%, which means that it requires a significant increase in sorting at source of food waste to release all the realistic potential. The potential for manure implies that 30% of manure to be treated in biogas plants, cf. Report. 39 This is an ambitious objective and it will require strong measures to trigger the supply of raw material to biogas production by 2020. In the longer term, other feedstock such as forest waste, algae and sludge from aquaculture be relevant for biogas production and thus increase the potential considerably. Improvements in the manufacturing process could increase potential further.
Treatment of the entire realistic potential can be achieved by for example the following combination of fixed size and number of plants: 38 industrial facilities for manure at 110 000 tonnes / plant 55 major public facilities for manure at 55 000 tonnes / plant 16 plants for wet organic waste processing 55 000 tonnes / plant We have used this as the basis for the calculations. However, also other combinations be possible. Yüklə 1,22 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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