Parallelism and planes in optimality theory: evidence from afar
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- 1. Introduction 8
- 2. RELEVANT PHONOLOGY 116
- 3. A MULTIPLANAR MODEL 203
- 4. Alternative Accounts in OT 313
- 5. Some Final Thoughts 403
| PARALLELISM AND PLANES IN OPTIMALITY THEORY: EVIDENCE FROM AFAR by Sandra Lee Fulmer A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 9 7 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her interests the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Acknowledgments I wish to thank the people who have been the most help to me in the ends and means of this dissertation. Of utmost importance has been Mike Hammond. Without his knowledge, encouragement, persistence friendship, and bridge playing, this document surely would have never been finished. Many of the ideas in here were inspired by him. I am also grateful for the help from my other committee members, Terry Langendoen and Dick Demers. They were always ready to discuss my ideas and share my enthusiasm for the variable-position phenomenon. I also thank all the Linguistics graduate students I have spent time with during my tenure here. Every one of them has added something to my view of the Linguistic world. I would especially like to thank Diane Ohala, Amy Fountain, Pat Perez and Wendy Wiswall for their knowledge, ideas, proofreading skills and friendship. They have been much more than my colleagues. I would also like to thank my husband, Bruce Walsh for his laughter, loving, nagging and housekeeping skills. He has been both a help and a delight during this process. My undying gratitude goes out to Nan Crandall, Matt Shimel, Jennifer Wateuma, Fred Matter and Maria Teresa Velez for covering for me at work so that I take time off to finish my dissertation. Finally, I would like to thank Trouble, Abby, Mouth, Rusty, Scamper, PeeWee, Duffy and Spot for keeping me sane during this process. This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Gordon and Marjorie Fulmer, who taught me with their love and understanding, everything I will ever need to know. Thank you. 1. Introduction 8 Background 16 Afar 17 Phonemics 18 Sounds 18 Co-occurrence Restrictions 25 Vowel Quality 26 Consonants 31
General Morphology 39 Verb Classes 47 Theoretical Background 56 Introduction to Optimality Theory 57 Correspondence Theory 72 Generalized Alignment 76
The Morphemic Tier Hypothesis 79 Planes in Concatenative Languages 96 Morphological Planes and Optimality Theory 102 Huave 107 Dissertation Overview 112 2. RELEVANT PHONOLOGY 116 Syllables 116 The Structure of Syllables 117 Closed-Syllable Long Vowel Reduction 134 Word Final Long Vowel Reduction 141 Superheavy Syllables 147 Long Vowels in Word-Final Position 164 The Minimal Word 164 168 Prosodic Vowels 169 The Deletion of /y/ 178 The Absence of [y] 186 Phonological Distribution 186 Morphological Alternations 189 Insertion or Deletion 192 Summary 199 3. A MULTIPLANAR MODEL 203 The Data: The Person and Plural Markers 205 The Plural 224 An OT Account 232 Necessary Constraints 232 Inputs in Optimality Theory and Correspondence Theory 238 A Paradox for OT 240 Morphemic Tiers and OT 258
Summary 310 4. Alternative Accounts in OT 313 A Linear Planes Analysis 315 Avoiding the Paradox with Levels 320 Problems with a Level-ordered Approach 358 Ad Hoc Levels 361 Consonant Co-occurrence Restrictions 362 Assimilation Constraints 369 5. Some Final Thoughts 403 Huave 405 Arabic 414 Optimal Domains and the Multiplanar Model 417 Possibilities for Axininca Campa 419 Conclusions 423 References 425 Appendix A 430 Abbreviations used 430 ABSTRACT In this dissertation I show that the representations in Optimality Theory must be extended to allow multiple planes. The variable-position affixes in Afar occur as either prefixes or suffixes depending on the initial segment of the verb root. If the root begins with [i], [e(e)], [o(o)] or [u], the affix is a prefix (e.g., t-okm-e# (2-eat-perf) ‘You (sg.) ate’); if it begins with [a] or a consonant, the affix is a suffix (e.g., rab-t-e# (die-2-perf) ‘You died’). Additionally, plural not only appears as a prefix or a suffix, but when a suffix it can either precede or follow aspect (rab-n-e# (die-pl-perf) ‘I died’ vs. rab-e#-n (die-perf-pl) ‘They died’). A parallel model in Optimality Theory is unable to account for the different order of affixes in forms such as rab-n-e# vs. rab-e#-n. The Multiplanar Model, which posits that output representations consist not only of a word plane but also an affix plane is able to account for this data. The representations for the two forms are: [y-e-n], [rab-e-n] and [n-e], [rab-n-e]. In the first case, plural is specified as the rightmost morpheme by morphological constraints. Even though /y/, the third person marker, cannot surface on the word plane, it satisfies onset on the affix plane. This contrasts with the second case, where onset, being higher ranked than plural (r), requires that plural occurs to the left of aspect to fill the onset position on the affix plane. I then show a serial monoplanar model can also account for this data. Finally, I compare the serial and multiplanar models, arguing that phonological evidence supports the Multiplanar Model. Yüklə 2,55 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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