Federal political system resolve the problem of premature dissolutions of government in

Part I, The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973. 
168
Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). 
169
ibid Part III. 
170
ibid. Note also that out of the total 342 seats, 10 are allocated to the non-Muslim minority. 
171
Rob Crilly, 'Pakistan election guide: How does it work?' The Telegraph (Islamabad, 10 May 2013) 
How-does-it-work.html> accessed 25 October 2018. 

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43 
control all the other provinces by forming a government, that is a source of the 
problem defined at 3.2 as disparity of representation.
The problem of premature dissolutions in Pakistan is a matter of its constitutional 
history explored in the next section. In the next section it is therefore very important 
to analyse the evolution of federalism in British India, and how it is related to 
Pakistan's present political instability. 
4.1 
Launch of Federalism in British India 
This section covers the aspects of federalism and its evolution before and after the 
creation of Pakistan. These analyses will demystify the core causes behind the 
country's struggle in adopting the factors of democratic federalism selected for the 
purpose of analysis in this thesis. These findings will also distinguish between 
federalism as adopted by Pakistan and how the researcher analyses it according to 
his hypothesis of constitutional suitability in 4.3.5 and in Chapter 6. It is important 
to contextualise pre-Pakistan federalism as practised during British Rule and how 
the current model of federalism in Pakistan has been evolved from that concept. It 
is argued that the federalism implemented by the British Empire was to benefit the 
colonial arrangement and not necessarily the post-colonial countries. This section 
will also show how the British applied the concept of federalism in a completely 
different way from that of any other prominent federal democracy. This section 
supplements the theoretical discussion of federalism in Chapter 3 by exploring the 
varied or applied form of federalism used in Pakistan, along with its evolutionary 
origin that traces back to the later 1700s. 
At that period, the British colonised and ruled India, through the East India 
Company initially, and then three independent presidencies were set up, each 
responsible for their own remit.
172
After the fall of the Mughal dynasty, the British 
introduced for the first time a system of devolution of powers from the centre to the 
provinces where the interest of the Empire was ultimate.
173
The Office of Governor 
General was created by the Regulatory Act 1773 to subordinate all these 
presidencies.
174
The Governor General was assisted by a council called the executive 
172
Lucy Sutherland, The East India Company in Eighteenth Century Politics (The Clarendon Press 
1952). 
173
Asok Chanda, Federalism in India (London: George Allen & Unwin 1965). 
174
ibid. 

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44 
council,
175
which had legislative powers vested in it by the British Parliament. 
Further reforms to the act enhanced the position of the Governor General in the 
executive council.
176
The presidencies were later given the status of provinces or 
dominions and given certain administrative and legislative powers.
177
A judiciary 
was already present to interpret law.
178
Consequently, the government was 
comprised of a legislative body, an executive (council) and a judiciary where powers 
were also devolved to provinces. This arrangement could only benefit the rulers 
rather than the subjects or the federating units as it gave the Crown better control 
over the colony to enact laws and impose lagans (taxes). Another reason for its non-
federal aspect was that the central government had enormous overriding powers 
with the result that the factor of equal representation described at 3.1 as a 
necessary element of a truly democratic federal state, was missing.
179
There is a 
great similarity between this arrangement and Pakistan's federal arrangements 
since Pakistan's inception to date, therefore the model of federalisation adopted by 
Pakistan is not the one envisaged by this thesis.