7
The development of the international style was prompted by an increased need for
……………………. buildings.
8
Designers used hardly any
………………… on international style buildings.
9
International style buildings are easily identified from the outside because of the
……………………..
10
Demonstration of
……………………… and ………………………. was often an important
factor in the design of old buildings.
11
The similarity of international style constructions reflect the concern of architects with
………………………. and ………………………………
Questions 12 and 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
12
Some people didn
’t like the international style because they felt it focused too much on
A
the public sector
B
differences between people
C
new ideas
D
making money
13
In the mid-1970s
A
the best architects were no longer using the international style
B
there was a lot of international style architecture in major cities
C
young architects were becoming interested in the international style
D
people visited specifically to see international style buildings
DAY 13
1
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on
Questions 1-13
, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
Tickling and laughter
Why does tickling, or even the thought of it, produce laughter?
A
Tickling is the act of touching so as to cause laughter or twitching movements.
Tickling may have been one of the first ways early humans communicated with each
other and is a useful form of non-verbal communication, particular with babies and
children. The word itself comes from the English of the Middle Ages when
tickelen
meant ‘to touch lightly’.
B
If you don’t know whether you are ticklish, you’ll have to ask someone else. Tickling
is not included in the spectrum of pains and pleasures that we can inflict on
ourselves and while we can stroke and scratch and hurt ourselves, the one thing we
can’t do effectively is tickle ourselves. And no-one knows why. It is a subject that has
intrigued philosophers and scientists since antiquity. He ancient Greek philosophers
Plato and Aristotle speculated about tickling and its purpose. The 19th-century
British scientist Charles Darwin was the first to attempt to analyse this peculiar
phenomenon, observing the involuntary spasm it seems to trigger in babies and
primates, and he came to the conclusion that tickling was an ingredient in forming
social bonds. In 1872 he noted that the key to the success of tickling is that ‘the
precise point to be tickled must not be known’. So it is surprise, rather than tactile
pressure, that is a key ingredient in successful tickling. Indeed, in people who are
extremely suggestible, the threat of being tickled without even being touched is
enough to induce hysterical laughter. This is as effective with adults as with children
and provides a clue to the fact that tickling is not merely a physical sensation.
Ticklishness is not something that diminishes with age, nor does anyone know why
some people are more ticklish than others, and there are no distinctions to be made
along gender lines. The whole thing is mysterious.
C
Research has been done on animals on the relationship between tickling and
laughter. Neuroscientists at Bowling Green University in Ohio in the USA have
recently discovered that rats respond to being tickled with squealing, chirping
sounds, increased excitement and little kicks – especially when tickled one the nape
of the neck. Dogs may not respond quite as effusively, but it is common for tummy-
tickling to trigger frantic hind leg action which appears to be a sign of pleasure. More
controversial is the claim that Washoe, a female gorilla living in the primate facility at
Washington Central University and trained in American sign language, frequently
makes the sign for ‘tickle me’, suggesting that it is pleasant sensation.
D
For eminent neuroscientist Professor V S Ramachandran, head of the Department
of Brain and Cognition at the University of California, laughter is the essential key to
DAY 13
2
unlocking the mystery of tickling. ‘Laughter’ is a signal that the tickling is a false
alarm, that there is nothing to really worry about, the subject is not really under
attack,’ Ramachandran says. ‘When someone tells you a joke, they take you along a
path of expectation to a punchline which is a twist in the path. When the subject
laughs at the punchline, it is a recognition that danger has been averted. The same
applies to tickling.’
E
Ramachandran has studied the response by children to tickling. He says: ‘Most
babies are ticklish. In evolutionary terms it may be that in humans, ticklishness is a
leftover of childhood behaviour with some social benefits. But because there are so
many layers to the human mind, people who do not consider themselves ticklish my
be inhibited about laughing and exposing their vulnerability.’ Another researcher,
Christine Harris believes that there are two types of tickling. The lighter pressure
results in the urge to scratch or rub, while the heavier provokes laughter. As to why
some areas of the body appear to be more sensitive to tickling than others – the
soles of the feet, the underarm area, the stomach and the neck are most commonly
mentioned – Ramachandran suggests that ‘these are areas that are not normally
touched by other people so it is an indication that they are considered private space’.
Other especially ticklish areas include the waist and ribs.
F
The laughter response to the stimulus of tickling comes from the brain. Sarah Jayne
Blakemore, a cognitive neuroscientist at London’s University College, says the
cerebellum, a more primitive part of the brain, dampens the tickle sensation if you try
to tickle yourself, telling the cortex to ignore the feeling. To demonstrate theory, she
constructed a robotic tickle machine with a foam-tipped arm and operated by an
unseen person. Blakemore used MRI scans which measure blood flow in the brain
to compare cerebral activity when six volunteers tried to tickle themselves and when
they were tickled by the machine. The part of the brain that registers touch reacted
more strongly when the machine tickled them than when they tickled themselves.
Recent studies suggest that reaction to tickling, like laughter, is innate. Children born
deaf and blind react normally to being tickled. No specific studies have been
conducted, however, on tickling in people suffering from autism.
DAY 13
Questions 1 – 5
Reading passage 1 has six paragraphs,
A-F
.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter,
A-F
, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
NB
You may use any letter more than once.
1
the parts of the human body which are sensitive to tickling
2
the interest in tickling shown by scientists and thinkers throughout history
3
the similarity between response to tickling and response to telling funny stories
4
an experiment on tickling oneself
5
a reason why some people do not believe they are ticklish
Questions 6 – 11
Look at the following claims (Questions 6-11) and the list of people below.
Match each claim with the correct person,
A
,
B
,
C
or
D
.
Write the correct letter,
A
,
B
,
C
or
D
, in boxes 6-11 on your answer sheet.
NB
You may use any letter more than once.
6
Laughter demonstrates that tickling is not a threat.
7
Tickling strengthens relations between people.
8
Different sorts of tickling cause different reactions.
9
Tickling oneself results in a weaker sensation than being tickled by someone or
something else.
10
Effective tickling relies on not knowing where it will happen.
11
Understanding laughter will allow us to understand tickling.
List of people
A
Charles Darwin
B
Professor V S Ramachandran
C
Christine Harris
D
Sarah Jayne Blakemore
Questions 12 and 13
Complete the summary below.
Choose
NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet.
When people are tickled, the brain produces a laughter-response. If you attempt to
tickle yourself, the part of the brain called the
12
…………… weakens the feeling you
experience. A recent experiment testing why people do not laugh when they tickle
themselves examined
13
…………… in the brain to assess brain activity. The
experiment found that the area of the brain where we experience the sensation of touch
responded more intensely when tickling was controlled by another person.
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