way to translate (since many norms are available), but empirical research can make it
possible to predict success or failure when dominant norms are met or violated.
Chesterman (1999) formulates his compatibilist position as follows:
Statements like “In principle, in authoritative and expressive texts [original
metaphors] should be translated literally” (Newmark 1988: 112), or “translations
should aim to have the same effect on their target readers as the source texts had
on the source readers,” or “translators should translate transgressively, not
fluently”) can be paraphrased approximately like this: “I predict that if translators
do
not
translate in the way I prescribe, the effect will be that readers will not like
their translations / that the publisher will reject the text / that intercultural relations
will deteriorate” or the like.
In all these ways, the concept of norms has helped bridge some of the gaps between
descriptivism and prescriptivism.
A more methodological problem concerns
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