M inistry o f Higher and Secondary Specialized Education o f the Republic o f Uzbekistan

Participle)
e. To talk about past actions happening in sequence 
(Perfect Participle)
f. As an alternative passive form (Past Participle)
_ Imagine being the creator running a huge 
power company!
__
By working passionately, scientists investigate
the issues o f their research.
Having observed the nature, medieval 
scientists performed their researches
__ Being able to speak more than five languages,
Guljahon works as an interpreter.
_Sitting in the lobby by the window, I was
watching people running to the bus stop in the 
rain.
__
The topic chosen for the experiment w ill be
discussed tomorrow.
A fter developing/having developed my 
project, I applied to work.
__Having made to wait, Gavhar was annoyed.
__ Having seen the horror movie before going to
bed, Laura couldn't sleep for a long time.
There are nine principle ways you can manipulate a subject. These ways were first formally suggested by
A lex Osborn, the father o f brainstorming, and later arranged by Bob Eberle into the mnemonic SCAMPER.
S = Substitute?, С = Combine?, A = Adapt?, M = Magnify?, P = Put to other uses?, E = Eliminate?, R =
Rearrange? = Reverse?
2. I felt asleep because I was working hard on mj 
research for two days day and night.
Having worked
3. I assumed that the hypothesis was quite prove! 
when I saw presented results o f the conduct»] 
investigation.
Seeing____________________________________
4. The reason great people are brilliant at differed 
spheres is that they are passionately devoted to thj 
work they do.
Being ____________________________________
5. Lola didn't know any foreign languages so she hal 
some difficulty when she was invited to deliver! 
speech at the international conference.
Not_______________________________________
6. I experimented a lot before I justified the hypothesis] 
Having____________________________________
7. James heard the noise in the laboratory and ran to] 
find out what was on there.
Having heard______________________________
3 6
Scale Up

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I
• cause (reasons or problems)
• effect (results, consequences, or solutions)
• Cause answers to “ W hy did smth. happen?”
• Effect answers to “ What happened because o f 
smth.?”
• Cause: The storm damaged the city. Effect: 
All the schools were closed
• As the storm damaged the city, all the schools 
were closed.
• All the schools were closed because the storm 
damaged the city.
II Read the linking words in the box and sort 
them out into “cause” and “effect” columns.
Because, 
one result is, on a cause is, 
since, 
for, 
reason for, 
as a
consequence, because of, 
the consequence 
of, 
reason, outcomes, 
explanation,
so, 
thus, 
one reason why, 
as,
one o f the most important reasons w h y ..., 
the 
main reasons why, 
owing to, 
cause,
lead to, 
result in, 
to be caused by, 
the 
cause of, 
bring about, 
therefore, 
consequently, 
due to, 
as a result,
thanks to, 
likely that, 
the result
of
Cause 
Effect
12 In each sentence, separate the cause from 
the effect. Remember that the cause is not 
necessarily given first.
Separate the Cause from the Effect
1. More than half o f the mothers with children under 
a year o f age work, which has resulted in the 
unprecedented need for daycare in this country. 
Cause 
________________
Effect
2. Today, more than two-thirds o f all preschool 
children have mothers who work, and four out o f 
five school-age children have working mothers, 
which has led to increased strains on the daycare 
system.
Cause 
____________________________________
Effect
3. In one national survey, more than half o f the 
working mothers reported that they had either 
changed jobs or cut back on their hours to be more 
available for their children.
Problem 
_________________
Solution
4. Because they feel their children need the 
supervision o f a parent, many mothers work only 
when their children are in school and other mothers 
work only occasionally during the school year. 
Cause 
_____
Effect
5. Many mothers experience deep emotional crises 
as a result o f the conflict between the financial 
obligations at home and their own emotional needs 
as parents.
Problem 
________
Result
Scale Up 
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