Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Change of Persian Ruier
The shoeing defeat at Buwaib had shocked the Persian Empire. It was noCgly J cause of great disturbance tc>^uU«b«t to the public as well. £Or the first time they realised the s*^t Muslims. The nev,s of the loss of one hundred thousanI Persian and only few hundred Muslims was received with ^_*^-”£% time, a woman P%an Bukht was the Empress. The Iranians replaced the Empress by a yoimg (21 years old) EmPero;YeZ.dglld/freoS Emperor reorgauLd %Ke army and strengthened *e fronUer defences. There a,rose a number of rebellions m *V^” ^^ by Muslims as a *esult of ^hich Muslims again lost some of the parts which they had c^nquered.
When H^t xjmar heardjhis news he asked Muthom. o call the border ^bes and to return^ withir|^B*^ reinforcement reached hitn. He himself declared Jihad all over tn land and sent ettlissaries to collect an army for the Holy war AH army of 20,000 Maslinis was collected. Hazrat Umar (Rnd.A)
T
Hazrat Umar (Rad. A.)
233
4 Dr. Majid All Kh^n< p 74.

* Ibid.
himself wanted to lead the army this time but the ”Shura” (Advisory Council) did not agree to it. The name of Hazrat Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas (Rad.A), a great warrior and dne of the uncles of the Holy Prophet was proposed to lead the army to which Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) agreed. The army was having 70 of those Companions who had participated in the first battle of Islam at Badr. When the army was leaving Medina, Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) gave instructions to Hazrat Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas (Rad.A). Some of those are as under:

”Allah does not repel evil with evil but he repels evil with good. All men high and low are equal before him. One can win Allah’s favour only through devotion to His service. Remember that the ”Sunnah” of the Holy Prophet is the only correct way of doing things. You are going on a heavy mission which you can discharge only by following the truth. Inculcate good habits in yourselves and in your Companions.”
This advice clearly shows that the aim of Muslims was to proclaim Allah’s message-Islam, rather than to fight the sword was used to clear the barriers in the way. In the meantime Muthanna died and his brother Bashir joined Hazrat Sa’d (Rad.A) with an army of eight thousand. Hazrat Sa’d was indirect contact with Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) all the time who was constancy giving instruction about the movement of the army from place to place. Finally Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) sent instructions to him to encamp at Qadisiya and to send an envoy to the Persian Emperor Yezdgird, with the message of Islam and peace. Islamic Emissaries
Following the instructions of the Caliph, Hazrat Sa’d encamped at Qadisiya. The Muslims had to wait there for about two months for the Persian armies. In the meantime Hazrat Sa’d sent an envoy to the Emperor Yezdgird. Yezdgird held his court to receive Muslim envoys. The court was a mirror of the worldly pomp and glory of the Persians. Hazrat Human bin Maqran invited the Persians and the Emperor to Islam and told them about the Holy Prophet. He said: ”O Persians, we call you towards the path of peace i.e. Islam. If you accept it, you are our brothers and we will leave Allah’s Book, the Holy Qur’an for your guidance to follow His commandments. If you reject this sacred message, pay us the ”Jizya”. The third alternative is the sword in case you reject the first two offers, so that we may take our own course to spread this message.”

234
Political and Cultural History of Islam

Yezdgird who was very proud of his power and army, lost
his temper on hearing this and insulted the envoys. Hf got a basket
full of earth and put it on the head of leader, Hazrat Asim (Rad A).
When Hazrat Asim carried the earth to Hazrat Sa’d (Rad.A), he took
it as a sign for victory. The ill-treatment of the Persian Emperor
hastened the war. The Emperor sent an army of one hundred
thousand men. This time Rustam, the commander-in-chief, was
himself leading the Persians army. Other famous commanders of the
trmy were Jalinus, Mahran bin Bahram Razi and Harmuzan. Rustam
vas afraid of Muslims and hesitated to face them. He took six
months to reach Qadisiya from Mada’in, the Capital. He wanted to
negotiate with the Muslims in the first instance. Therefore he asked
them to send a delegation. The Muslim delegation went to Rustam’s
camp at the head of Hazrat Rabi bin Amir (Rad.A). There took place
much discussior jut no decision was reached. Hazrat Rabi gave the
message of IsLwere put before the Emperor by Hazrat Numan. On the secuuu ^
Rustam again asked Hazrat Sa’d (Rad.A) to send the delegat;~-_ This
time he sent Hazml Hudhaifah (Rad.A) who also put the same three
conditions and told him if he did not accept them within three days,
the third alternative i.e. the use of sword would remain and would be
acted upon. Third day Rustam again requested Muslims to send an
emissary and this time Hazrat ’Mughirah bin Shif bah (Rad.A) went.
RuFtam tried to negotiate in terms of money by saying: ” I think, you
are poor and hungry. We would give you so much of wealth that
would be sufficient for the whole of your life,” Hearing this Hazrat
Mughirah (Rad.A) angrily replied, ”of course we were hungry and
poor but Allah sent His Messenger to us because of whom our fate
changed and Allah nourished us. He asked us to obey only one God
and to spread His message. If you follow His message (Islam) you
are our brothers, we will never fight with you. If you don’t, then let
u« sn.cad His Kalimah and you pay to us ”Jizya”: otherwise the
sword will give the final decision”. Hearing this Rustam got furious
and vowed to kill all the Muslims as soon as the sun rose the next
day. Hazrat Mughirah (Rad.A) returned to the Muslim camp.