Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Zakat and Sadaqat
Poor rate and voluntary alms by the Muslims. Zakat was imposed all the Muslims which has the material prosperity or the Mai according to Nisab, poor are excluded by that source of the state. It is levied on:
1. Gold and Silver: 20 mithqal gold 7” tola Silver.
2. Animals kept for trade purpose
3. Goods of merchandise.

342
4.
Political and Cultural History of Islam
Hidden treasure found in the state.
Jizya
It was a tax chargeable from non-Muslims in lieu of the guarantee extended to them for the protection of their life, property, religious rites, their exemption from military services.
Al-Kharaj
Kharaj was the land tax collected from the non-Muslims. It was imposed on the Jews of Khayber. All lands which occupied by the Muslims, retained under the Jews in return of the Kharaj.
Al-Fay
State lands, al-Fay, The lands in the conquered territories which come under the direct ownership of the state. Under the Holy Prophet the Fadak was the Crown Land. The income from which was distributed among the Holy Prophet’s relatives, the poor, or fauns and needy.
Khums
The spoils of the war which was captured by the Muslim army from the foes one fifth share of the state and then other was distributed among the Muslims. Ghanimah was also the same one This brief account of the taxation policy of the early Caliphate shows justice and prosperity of the masses of that period. The system of revenue of the Caliphate was based on sound and fair system of collection. Its purpose was the benefit of the people. Register of pensions ensured that state revenue would be utilized for the betterment of the Muslims. With the emergence of a new dynasty which Caliphate changed into monarchy, revenue system was also changed.3 MILITARY SYSTEM UNDER THE ORTHODOX CALIPHS
The army was comprised of tribal levies, and volunteers drawn chiefly from Medina, Fayf, and other cities. They were paid at the first time from the tithes; after war from tithes and taxes. In the beginning the Caliph appointed the Commander-in-Chief only, upom whom devolved the choice of the officers. As the Commander-imChief represented the Caliph, he presided the prayers. Where the several army corps were united, it was always clearly stated which o>f the generals should preside at prayers, as that indicated his position as a General-in-Chief.
Administration under the Pious Caliphs 343
In the days of ignorance Arabs had not awarded of the tactics which were introduced by the time of Orthodox Caliphs. Afterwards those Arabs attained the highest position in the history of warfare in the world. Hazrat Abu Bakr’s (Rad.A) military genius, in planning such a large and a systematic campaign, has not yet received due praise. This army was under the boy-Commander, Usama who fulfilled his tasks. Abu Bakr (Rad.A) then sent out eleven expeditions organized with such great skill that the whole of the great peninsula was subdued in the most systematic way imaginable. ORGANIZATION UNDER HAZRAT UMAR (RAD.A)
One of the biggest task of Ha/rat Umar (Rad.A) was to keep regular army of the state. He encouraged the Muslims to join the regular forces whenever the need arose. For the first time in the history of Islam all irregular armies or mercenaries were divided into vivid at classes of regular and irregular armies. The army personnel were well paid and their families also got allowances. Separate register for regular and irregular armies were maintained. In order to keep military tradition of the Muslims, Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) did not allow the army personnels to hold land in the conquered territories, which might have impaired military prowess of Muslim soldiers. He divided the whole empire into nine military districts, constructed cantonments at strategic places and towns, stationed troops, there and the frontiers posts and along the boundary lines fort constructed.