Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Consolidation
With the accession of Abdul Malik the glory of the Umayyads was revived and with that of his four sons the dynasty reached the meridian of its power and glory. During the reign of Walid the Umayyad Empire reached its greatest expansion stretching from the Pyrenees. Walid followed the policy of his father in conquests as well as in administration. Hajjaj was retained as viceroy of the Eastern conquests in al-Iraq and Umar b. ’Abdul Aziz, a cousin of the Caliph, was appointed governor of Arabia. Under his benevolent Governorship the two holy cities enjoyed peace and prosperity. Syrian architects and 100 Byzantine masons were employed in beautifying and enlarging the mosque of Medina. For pilgrims, roads were made and wells were dug in desert station and
Bernard I e\\is. The Aiabs in Histoi\ 1 ondon 1970. P 76
Walid Bin Abdul Malik
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fountains were constructed in the holy cities. Walid was impressed very much by his public works. Attracted by his benevolent deeds, many Iraqis, who had been oppressed by al-Hajjaj escaped to the holy cities this created ill-feeling between al-Hajjaj and Umar and ultimately led to the removal of the latter on the complaint made by the former to the effect that Umar had given shelter to the malcontents of Iraq.
Al Hajjaj
The Iraqi refugees including Ibn Jubayr who had formerly been paymaster of the army of Ibn al Ashath, were expelled by Umar’s successor. Ibn Jubayr was killed mercilessly along with some other refugees by al Hajjaj. AI-Muhallab’s sons, Yazid and others, also suffered from the cruelty of Hajjaj. On the charge of embezzlement of public money as governors they were put to prison latter they were set free to accompany Hajjaj on a campaign against the Kurds under a Syrian guard. They escaped to Sulayman, the Caliphs brother, at Ramlah in Palestine. Hajjaj complained but they were allowed to live with Sulayman when the latter pleaded for mercy for them. William Muir says, Hajjaj stands out in the annals of Islam as the incarnation of cruelty. He is said to have killed 120,000 persons in times other than wars.
His cruelties had however, been exaggerated by Arab historians of the Abbasid period and followed by modern writer. He died in 95/A.H./714 A.D. a year before Walid succumbed to death. His family suffered at the hands of Sulayman because he and Qutaybah had incurred his displeasure by encouraging Walid to set aside his right of succession in favour of his son.
For twentyyears, Hajjaj was the absolute master of the East. By his harshness he maintained peace within and by his military strength he created awe abroad. By his bravery and resolution he restored prosperity in the Eastern viceroyalty ~ Iraq, Persia and Khurasan, and his lieutenants Qutaybah and Muhammad b. Qasim added new lands to his viceroyalty. He is also known for his public works. He developed the canals and irrigation system, brought new lands under cultivation and prevented the cultivators form leaving the village for towns. But for him and Ziyad the Umayyad dynasty would have perished and ’Abdul Malik and Walid would not have attained such fame. Eastern Viceroyalt)
On his accession to the tin one Walid divided his empire into

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Political and Cultural History of Islam
two units viz, the Eastern viceroyalty was placed under Hajjaj b. Yusuf and the Western one under Musa b. Nusayr. The conquered lands were first consolidated and next new lands were conquered in the north-east, east and west of the Empire, e.g., Central Asia, Sind, North West Africa and Spain.