Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Disparity
In the Umayyad society the socio-economic disparities produced the resentment among the masses. The beggar and slave classes were increased due to the disparity among the various Arabs and non-Arab tribes. The beggar class consisted of the incapacitated and the indolent. Umar I (Rad.A) and Umar II fixed the pension for all Muslims and non-Muslims; and system of distribution of charities and sadqats were administered in such a way that there was no beggar left, the great conquests and migrations of early Islam brought about many changes in the Arabian Muslim society. But they did not abolish kinship relations. Instead as, we have said above, the tribal of feudalism of Hazrat Umar’s (Rad.A) Diwan of pensions preserved the tribal structure of the Arabs and gave it a military force of the Muqatila, the fighting force the Arabian tribe, socially and politically foi more powerful and effective force than the force of any pre-Islamic Arabian tribe, however big or small.”’
In the Umayyad times the whole State under the strong system of feudal aristocracy. With it the strong socialistic and equalitarian tendencies of Islam had been drowned in mutual jealousies and the force for more and more power and land in the state. That instead of uniform society based on equality, social justice, brotherhood, a stratified society had appeared among the Arabs,””\vhile the old stratification continued among the non-Arabs, that the feudal aristocracy was going richer and richer by defrauding the Government on the one hand and the peasants on the other, and each of the new class presented a set of problems for the Umayyad to solve.
Hugh Kenned\, Islamic History, P 96

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