Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

Al-Kindi: He improved the astronomical instruments, and is credited
as author of more than 265 books on mathematics, astronomy,
medicine and music etc.
Al-Battani: Al-Battani is said to have published his first book on fixed stars, which gamed him royal favour. He studied the plants and stars for over 30 years and prepared the famous al-Battani’s Tables.
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Ibn a!-Haitham: Ibn al-Haitham, also a member of the Cairo School .s said to have compiled 20 books on astronomy and cosmology. His work may be stud.ed in two parts (a) dealing critically ^ith Greek studies (b) his own work on the light of the moon, the stars, parallax, height of atmosphere, motion of the moon and planets, halo, rainbow, eclipses, meteors, sundials, compasses, spots on the moon and the milky way and also determ .nation of azimuth and meridians. About space his observations are, ”we know that space is not something matenal nor does it have any resistance. Space is actually
measured by those dimensions which are capable of accepting matter
as it is”. His observation that the moon and other planets are lit by
the sun is crucial. About stars, he maintains that the real source of the
light of the stars is in their own bodies, and their light is not
borrowed from an external sources. He was the first to advocate the
construction of a dam at Aswan.
Al-Biruni: His contribution in the field of astronomy, cosmology,
etc., is enormous. He is credited with having written 50 books/papers
on the subject. Some of these were translations from Indian books.
He also published a list of latitude and longitude of the world’s
principal towns.
Abul Wafa: He accurately determined the obliquity of eclipses and
calculated the variations in the moon’s motion. He also discovered
the third lunar inequality or variation which was rediscovered by
Danish scholar, Tycho Brahe after 600 years, and now is associated
with his name. He perfected Ptolemy’s lunar theory and corrected
many errors in the observation of the astronomers.
Ibn Yunus: He invented the quadrant, the pendulum and the sundial.
Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim built for him an observatory on Mount
Mocattam, and he is looked upon as founder of the Cairo School. He
edited the great Hakemite Tables move accurately than all the earlier
attempts.