Chapter 35: Administration Under the Umayyads Caliphate 465
Shura 465
Absolutism 466
Court 466
Central Board 467
Diwan-ul-Jund 468
Diwan-ul-Kharaj 468
Diwan-ul-Barid 469
Currency 469
Weight and Measures 471
Change of Language of Administration 471
Chapter 36: Social Structure Under Umayyads Social Structure 473
Mawali 476
Disparity 477
Chapter 37: Cultural Activities Under the Umayyads Education 478
Role of Mosque in Education 480
Umayyad Period 481
History 483
Arabic Literature 484
Oratory 486
18
Alchemy 486
Medicine 487
Astronomy 488
Paintings 489
Calligraphy 489
Music 491
Architecture 492
Dome of Rock 494
Mosque of the Umayyads 494
THE ABBASIDS Chapter 38: The Abbasid Revolution The Abbasid Revolution .< 496
Abu Muslim Khurasani -. 506
Early Life 506
Abu Muslim and Abbasids Revolution 507
Fall of Abu Muslim 510
Chapter 39: Abul Abbas al-Saffah Rise of the Abbasids to Power 511
Ascendancy of al-Saffah 513
Persecution of the Umayyads 514
Risings ;.-.-. 514
Saffah’s Plan to Kill Abu Muslim 516
Achievements 517
Chapter 40: Abu Jafar Mansur Succession 518
Real Founder of the Dynasty ..519
Risings in Khurasan and Tabaristan :..520
Rising of the Alids ...521
Enmity with Byzantines 522 Foundation of Baghdad ’. .-.5,22
Rise of the Umayyads at Cordova 524
Rising in Armenia and Khurasan 525
Rising in Mosul ”. 525
Byzantines Encroachment 525
Death of Mansur 525
Character and Achievements 526
