Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

THE BATTLE OF JALULA (637 A.D./16 A.H.)
The Persian Emperor took shelter in Kulwan and started preparation for a big assault on the Muslims. Now Kharzad, brother of Rustam was the commander-in-chief. He gathered a huge army to avenge the past defeats. After consultations with Hazrat Umar (Rad.A), Hazrat Sa’d bin Abi Waqqas (Rad.A) sent an army under the command of Hashim and Qa’qa to face the Persian army at Jalula. Again a fierce battle was- fought and ultimately the Persians were defeated who fled further north. The Muslims advanced ahead and captured ”Qa’ka” and finally Hulwan where Yezdgird, the Emperor was staying. He fled to Khurasan and settled down in Merv. The last big battle was fought in the month of Muharram, 19 A.H. (646 A.D.) at Nihawand in which the Persians were completely defeated. Then a number of small battles took place and the Muslims conquered Hamdan, Azerbaijan and Armenia by the year 21 A.H. Muslim Rule Over The Persian Empire
The Persian Emperor fled to Isphan, then to Kirman and from there to Balkh. The Muslims chased him everywhere. Ultimately the whole of Persia came under the sway of Islam by the year 23 A.H. The Muslims marched as east as Sindh. They captured Makran and Baluch. But Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) stopped them who were under the command of Hakam at that time. He did not want to extend his frontiers at the price of Muslim blood. Thus Makran was the last place in the east under the ;ule of Muslims during the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar (Rad.A). After the capture of Persian Empire, Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) remarked: ”Allah has destroyed the Persian Empire, now they cannot harm the Muslims. O Muslims, if you do not follow the straight path, Allah would take this power from you and hand it over to whom He likes.
It must Lv clarified here that at no place Muslims forced nonMuslims to accept Istar*!. Islam spread because of its teachings and because of the practical life of Muslims. Some western scholars have accepted this fact. R.A. Nicholson writes in ’A Literary History of the Arabs’ ”It must uw be supposed the followers of Zoroaster and Christ in these countries were forcibly converted to Islam. Thousand embraced it voluntarily”. The conquest of the Persian Empire

238 Political and Cultural History of Islam

prov:ded the Muslims with unlimited resources. At the same time it also brought Muslims into touch with luxuries and as time passed they gave up their simple living and fell prey to some vices prevailing in those days Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) had feared. The Cities of Basra and Kufa
Muslims established two military cantonments one at Basra and other at Kufa in 638 A.D. Later en these cantonments became big cities. Basra was established at the Shatt-ul-Arab and was important because it guarded the passage from the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia. Kufa was founded at the bank of the Euphrates. Afterwards these cities became important centres of Islamic culture and civilization. THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (BYZANTIUM)