Q. & A. 711 to 1707 with solved Papers css 1971 to date

ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE PIOUS CALIPHS
The Prophet Muhammad nominated no successor. It would be idle to speculate why with his genius for organization he neglected to make such provision for the future of the new religious community he had founded. For unknown reasons, Holy Prophet made no stipulations for the choice of his successor. The society he left behind had a greater range and scope than the tribal organization. After the demise of the Holy Prophet it was considered necessary to have the institution of the Caliphate in order to provide leadership in succession to the Holy Prophet for the preservation of religion and the administration of temporal affairs; and it was obligatory to the people to appoint an Imam by the consensus of the community. It was with the election of Hazrat Abu Bakr (Rad.A) that the institution of the Caliphate came into being. Al-Mawardi gave the minimum requirements are seven; (i) Soundness of the limbs, (ii) To formulate his own decision (in) Courage and ability (iv) Qurashite (v) Justice (vi) Knowledge (vii) Soundness of the senses.
The immediate successors of the Holy Prophet, called the rightly guided Orthodox Caliphs, had evolved the institution of the Caliphate on the principles of Qur’an and Sunnah. In the time of Caliphs the administrative and legislative affairs were carried in accordance with the Qur’anic injunctions and the Sunnah. Since the Orthodox Caliphate was an ideological state. The major objectives of the Caliphate in accordance with the famous verses of the Qur’an were to establish prayer and pay Zakat, and enjoin good upon the people and to restrain them from committing wrong. The seat of the Caliphate (632-661 A.D) was at Medina , the city of the Holy

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Political and Cultural History of Islam

Prophet the boundaries of the Caliphate were further extended on all sides during the rule of Hazrat Umar (Rad.A) and Usman (Rad.A). 1 shall describe the administrative structure under the Pious Caliphs.
The Caliph
Since the Caliphate was a trust in the hands of the chosen Caliph, the Caliph was not a master but a whole time servant of the public required to carry on the affairs of the state in accordance with the laws of Shriah for good of the people. He was the supreme head of the state. His major functions were temporal. He had no religious authority. He had no power to change any injunctions of Islamic Law. Qur’an and Shriah were the guiding principle for the Caliph. He had not sole authority in legal decisions of the state. He was not allowed to devote any part of his time to his personal works, but for his necessities of life, he was allowed to take fix allowance for him. He was also allowed to have fixed allowance for his family in accordance with the early decision of his Advisory Council. The system of election in Islam described by many historian and jurists like al-Mawardi, Kaladun, Tusi, Anwar Chejne and Arnold. On the whole there were many flaws in the system of election in Islam about the Caliphs. But the status and position of the Caliph was very sacred for the Muslims.1