Quettaparma Quenyallo

Alcorin ("k") adj. variant of Ilcorin, q.v. (VT45:5, 25)

alda noun "tree" (GALAD, GÁLAD, SA, Nam, RGEO:66, LR:41, SD:302, LT1:249, LT2:340, VT39:7), also name of tengwa #28 (Appendix E). Pl. aldar in Narqelion; gen. pl. aldaron "of trees" in Namárië. Etymology of alda, see Letters:426 and UT:266-7. The latter source states that primitive ¤galadā, whence Quenya alda, originally applied to stouter and more spreading trees such as oaks or beeches, while straighter and more slender trees such as birches were called ¤ornē, Quenya ornë - but this distinction was not always observed in Quenya, and it seems that alda became the general word. According to PE17:25, primitive galada (sic) referred to “a plant (large) and was a general term”. Place-name Aldalómë “”tree-night” or “tree-shade-night” (LotR2:III ch. 4, translated in PE17:82); Aldarion masc. name, *"Son of (the) Trees" (Appendix A), Tar-Aldarion a Númenorean King (UT:210). Aldaron a name of Oromë (Silm); aldinga "tree-top" (VT47:28), aldarembina (pl. aldarembinë attested) adj. “tree-tangled”, the cognate of Sindarin galadhremmin (PM:17:26). Aldúya fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the Trees (Appendix D). The word seems to include *Aldu, a dual form referring to the Two Trees. The Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa (presumably < *aldajā), referring to one tree (the White) only. The dual Aldu seems to occur also in Aldudénië "Lament for the Two Trees" (a strange word, since Quenya does not permit intervocalic d as in this word – perhaps the Vanyarin dialect of Quenya did) (Silm)

Aldalemnar noun "week of the Trees, Midyear week" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK (GÁLAD, YEN) )

Aldaron noun, a name of Oromë (GÁLAD)

aldarwa adj "having trees, tree-grown" (3AR). See -arwa.

Aldëa noun, what the Númenóreans called the fourth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to Telperion, the White Tree (Appendix D). The day was originally called Aldúya, referring to both of the Two Trees, but Númenóreans altered the name to Aldëa (presumably < *aldajā), referring to one tree (the White) only. (Appendix D) – Early "Qenya" also has an adjective aldëa "tree-shadowed" (LT1:249).

aldëon noun "avenue of trees" (LT1:249)

alenessë, also alanessë, noun “nicotiana, pipeweed” (tobacco) (PE17:100)

aldinga noun "treetop" (VT47:28)

alima adj. “fair, good” (also alya) (PE17:146)

[alla! (also alar! or ala) interjection "hail, blessed be (thou)". (VT45:5, 14)] PE17:146 cites alla “hail, welcome” as a variant (occurring within the imaginary world) of aiya.

allë prep. with pron. suffix *”beside you” (formal) (VT49:25); see ara

[allen – see ala #5.]

alma (1) noun "good fortune, weal, wealth". In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses were "riches, (good) fortune, blessedness"; in another deleted entry, Tolkien provided the glosses "growth" and maybe "increase" (reading uncertain), also "good fortune, riches" (GALA [ALAM], VT45:5, 13, 14)

alma (2) “flower” (PE17:153), said to be the “usual Quenya word” or “general Quenya word” (i.e. for flower), but its coexistence with #1 is problematic. Compare lós, lótë, lotsë, indil.

almarë noun "blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss". In deleted entries in Etym, the glosses provided were "blessedness, prosperity, bliss" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

almárëa adj. "blessed". In a deleted entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", but this would seem to be a mistake, since the word does not look like a verb. Another deleted entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

Almaren place-name, the first abode of the Valar in Arda, apparently related to almarë "blessedness" (Silm, LR:357)

Almáriel fem. name, apparently containing almarë "blessedness" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

almë noun “a good thing, a ‘blessing’, a piece of good fortune” (PE17:146). Cf. alma, almië.

almië noun "blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss". In deleted entries in Etym, the glosses were "blessedness, prosperity, bliss" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

Almiel fem. name, perhaps *"daughter of blessedness": almië + -iel with contraction / haplology.

alqua noun "swan" (ÁLAK [there spelt alqa, as in LT1:249/LT2:335], SA:alqua, UT:265, VT42:7). The alternative form alquë ("q") mentioned in early material (LT1:249) may or may not be valid in LotR-style Quenya.

Alqualondë place-name "Swan-road, Swan-haven", capital of the Teleri (ÁLAK, LOD, KHOP [there spelt Alqalonde], Silm).

Alquarámë ("q") noun "Swan-wing" (LT2:335)

alta (1) adj. *"large, great in size" (root meaning) (ÁLAT). Alat- in Alatairë, q.v.

alta (2) noun "radiance" (VT42:32, PE17:50). Cf. variant ñalta.

[alta- (3) vb. "grow" (VT45:13) or "make grow" (VT45:14)]

Altariel fem. name "Galadriel", "maiden crowned with a radiant garland" (SA:kal; the form Alatáriel is Telerin; see PM:347) Stem Altariell- seen in the genitive Altariello, occurring in the superscript of the Tengwar transcription of Namárië in RGEO.

alu noun "dressed leather" (QL:30)

alvë noun “elm” (PE17:146), also pronounced albë. In an earlier source, the word for “elm” is given as alalmë, lalmë.

[alwa adj. "healthy, strong, flourishing" (+ one gloss not certainly legible: ?"well grown") (VT45:14)]

alya (1) adj. “fair, good” (PE17:146), "prosperous, rich, abundant, blessed" (GALA). In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses provided were "rich, blessed"; another deleted entry defined alya as "rich, prosperous, blessed". (GALA, [ÁLAM], VT42:32, 45:5, 14)

alya- (2) vb. “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one” (PE17:146)

alyë imperative particle with ending -lyë "you"; see a #3.

am- (1) prefix "up" (AM²)

am- (2) prefix used in comparison, “signifying addition, increase” (PE17:90), or with genitive superlative: elenion ancalima “brightest of stars” (PE17:91). Originally identical with #1 above. The form am- as such is in late Quenya only used before p and (presumably) before vowels; the longer form ama- came to be preferred before r and l; before other consonants, the prefix assumes the form an- (pronounced, but not in Romanized Quenya orthography written, añ- before c) (PE17:90-92). Phonologically we would expect am- before y- (since my is an acceptable Quenya combination); however, Tolkien used an- in the word anyára (q.v.) See an- #2 and compare ar- #2.

ama adv.? element not glossed, evidently meaning "up" like the prefix am-, or an alternative form of amba (UNU)

amal noun “mother”; also emel (VT48:22, 49:22); the form amil (emil) seems more usual.

amaldar ??? (Narqelion; may include aldar "trees")

aman adj. "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399), though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish etymology (cf. VT49:26-27). Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, blessed, unmarred" (SA:mān), translated “Unmarred State” (VT49:26). Allative Amanna (VT49:26). Adj. amanya "of Aman, *Amanian" (WJ:411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). Also fuller Amaneldi noun *"Aman-elves" (WJ:373). Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" (Appendix A, SA:mān), the father of Elendil; also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil (UT:210).

?amandi pl. of óman, q.v. (amandi is evidently a misreading for *omandi, VT46:7) (OM)

amanya adj. “blessed” (VT49:39, 41)

Amarië fem. name; perhaps derived from mára "good" with prefixing of the stem-vowel and the feminine ending -ië (Silm)

amarto noun "Fate" (also ambar) (LT2:348; in LotR-style Quenya rather umbar, umbart-)

amatixë ("ks") noun dot or point placed above the line of writing (TIK). Tolkien rejected the variant amatexë ("ks") (VT46:20)

[amatúlië noun “blessed arrival” (PE17:172), replaced by alatúlië, q.v.]

[amatulya adj./?interjection “welcome (of something blessed)” (PE17:172), replaced by alatulya, q.v.]

†amaurëa noun "dawn, early day" (Markirya)

amba 1) adv. "up, upwards" (AM², PE17:157). Apparently also ama (UNU).

amba 2) adj. and noun “more”, “used of any kind of measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative” (PE:17:91). Cf. adverb ambë.

ambal noun "shaped stone, flag" (MBAL)

Ambalar noun "East" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")

ambalë noun "yellow bird, 'yellow hammer' " (SMAL)

*ambalotsë noun "uprising-flower", referring to "the flower or floreate device used as a crest fixed to point of a tall [illegible word: ?archaic] helmet". Curiously, the word is asterisked as unattested (WJ:319)

amban noun "upward slope, hill-side" (AM²)

ambapenda adj. "uphill". Also ampenda. (AM²)

ambar (1) ("a-mbar") noun "oikumenē [Greek: the earth as the human habitation], Earth, world" (MBAR), stem ambar- (PE17:66), related to and associated with mar "home, dwelling" (VT45:33); in VT46:13 the latter glosses are possibly also ascribed to the word ambar itself (the wording is not clear). The form ambaren also listed in the Etymologies was presumably intended as the genitive singular at the time of writing (in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular); in the printed version in LR, the misreading "ambaron" appears (see VT45:33). Ambar-metta noun "the end of the world" (EO); spelt ambarmetta in VT44:36. The element #umbar in Tarumbar "King of the World" (q.v.) would seem to be a variant of ambar, just like ambar #2 "doom" also alternates with umbar (see below).

ambar (2) noun "fate, doom" (variant of umbar?) in Turambar (SA:amarth); stem ambart- (PE17:66), instrumental ambartanen "by doom" (Silm ch. 21, UT:138, PE17:66). The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate", also amarto (LT2:348)

ambar (3) noun "”breast” (chest), with stem in -s- or -r- (QL:30). The form ambar, translated “in bosom”, occurs in MC:213 (this is "Qenya"). Note: if this word were to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, we should probably have to read *ambas with stem ambar-; compare olos, olor- “dream” from a late source. However, the form ambos (q.v.) is less ambiguous and may be preferred.

Ambarenya, older [MET] Ambarendya place-name "Middle-earth" (but the more usual word is Endor, Endórë) (MBAR)

ambaron (ambarón- as in "g.sg. ambarónen", in LotR-style Quenya this would be a dative singular) noun "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (AM²). - In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the form ambaron also appears in the entry MBAR, but according to VT45:33 this is an error for ambaren, apparently intended as the genitive singular of ambar (in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular).

Ambaróna place-name “Eastern (land)”, possibly basically an adjectival form Ambarónë "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (LotR2:III ch. 4; PE17:82, compare the Etymologies, entry AM²)

Ambarónë noun "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (AM²)

Ambarto masc. name *"upwards-exalted", mother-name (never used in narrative) of Pityafinwë = Amrod (PM:353, 354)

*ambas, see ambar # 3

ambassë noun “breast-plate, hauberk”

Ambarussa masc. name "top-russet", alternation of Umbarto, mother-name (never used in narrative) of Telufinwë = Amras (PM:353-354)

ambë adv. “more”, “used of any kind of measurement spatial, temporal, or quantitative” (PE17:91). As noun or adjective, amba.

ambela adv. “further still beyond, far away beyond” (PE17:91)

ambena adv. “nearer to (to a further point in the motion) towards an object” (PE17:91). Also amna.

ambo noun "hill, rising ground” (Markirya, PE17:92), “mount” (PE17:157), allative pl. ambonnar "upon hills" in Markirya (ruxal' ambonnar "upon crumbling hills") According to VT45:5, ambo was added to the Etymologies as a marginal note.

ambos (ambost-) noun “breast” (chest). –PE16:82

ambuna adj. “of flat ground dotted with hills etc.” (PE17:93)

ámen, see me

amil noun "mother" (AM¹), also emil (q.v.) Longer variant amillë (VT44:18-19), compounded Eruamillë "Mother of God" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary (VT43:32). If amil is a shortened form of amillë, it should probably have the stem-form amill-. Also compare amilyë, amya, emya. Compounded amil- in amilessë noun "mothername" (cf. essë "name"), name given to a child by its mother, sometimes with prophetic implications (amilessi tercenyë "mother-names of insight"). (MR:217).

Amillion noun "February" (LT1:249; LotR-style Quenya has Nénimë)

amilyë or milyë (cited as (a)milyë), noun "mummy", also used as a play-name of the index finger, but Tolkien emended it to emmë, emya. (VT48:4) In its basic sense, (a)milyë would be a variant of amil, amillë "mother", q.v.

ammalë noun "yellow bird, 'yellow hammer' " (SMAL)

ammat- vb. “devour”

ammë noun "mother" (AM¹)

amna adv. “nearer to (to a further point in the motion) towards an object” (PE17:91). Also ambena.

#amorta- vb. "heave" (literally "up-rise, rise up", cf. orta-; the prefix am- means "up"). Only attested as a participle amortala "heaving" in Markirya.

ampa noun "hook", also name of tengwa #14 (GAP, Appendix E, VT47:20)

ampano noun "building" (especially of wood), "wooden hall" (PAN; alternative form umpano, VT45:36, which Tolkien in one case altered to ampano, VT46:8). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, ampano was also the name of tengwa #6 (VT46:8), which letter Tolkien would later call umbar instead (changing its value from mp to mb).

ampenda adj. "uphill". Also ambapenda. (AM²)

ampendë noun "upward slope" (PEN/PÉNED)

amu adv. "up, upwards" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya amba)

amu- vb. "raise" (LT2:335; LotR-style Quenya has orta-)

amun (amund-) noun "hill" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya ambo)

amuntë noun "sunrise" (LT2:335; Tolkien's later Quenya has anarórë)

amya (1) noun “my mother”, form used in address (PE17:170), cf. emya

amya- (2) evidently a prefix corresponding to mai- (q.v.) in meaning (PE17:163, 172)

an (1) conj. and prep. "for" (Nam, RGEO:66), an cé mo quernë… “for if one turned…” (VT49:8), also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express “one more” (of the thing concerned: an quetta “a word more”, PE17:91). The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" (SD:290) however seems to denote motion towards (the speaker): the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" (NĀ¹). The phrase an i falmalī (PE17:127) is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar “upon the foaming waves” (Nam), suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending (and if falmalī is seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case). In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an “moreover, further(more), to proceed” (VT49:18-19) or (“properly”) “further, plus, in addition” (PE17:69, 90). According to one late source (ca. 1966 or later), an “is very frequently used after a ‘full stop’, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriel’s Elvish lament […]: An sí Tintallë, etc. [= For now the Kindler, etc…] This is translated by me ‘for’, side an is (as here) often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said”. Related is the use of an + noun to express “one more”; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition.

an- (2) intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" (cf. calima "bright"), antara "very high, very lofty" and #anyára *"very old" or *"oldest" (the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription [VT49:40], there with the dative ending -n). Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca ("k") "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- (though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result). See also un-. (Letters:279, VT45:5, 36) Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- (the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-), as in- (technically iñ-) before c- and g- (the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix), and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. – In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead (see am- #2). In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- (whether original or from þ), not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- (so the form #anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the Elaine inscription). (PE17:92)

an- (3) prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. (LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead.)

ana (1) prep. “to” (VT49:35), “as preposition ana is used when purely dative formula is required” (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ¹); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)

ana (2) vb., apparently the imperative "give!", but Tolkien rewrote the text in question (VT44:13). See anta #1.

anaië vb. “has been”; see ná #1.

Anamo noun in genitive "of doom" in Rithil-Anamo "Ring of Doom" (q.v.) Since the reference is to a place (a circle) where judgement was passed, this seems to be "doom" in the sense of "juridical decision" or "(legal) justice". The nominative "doom" may be *anan, with stem anam- (since the root would be NAM as in nam- "to judge", námo noun "judge"). Alternatively, but less probably, the nominative may be *anama.

#anan (anam-), reconstructed nominative of Anamo, q.v.