Quettaparma Quenyallo

resta noun "sown field, acre" (VT46:11 cf. RED-). The word parma-restalyanna, probably meaning *”(up)on your book-fair”, seems to use #resta in the sense of “fair” (as held in a field?) Carl F. Hostetter however suggests that #resta “fair” may be related to ré “day” (VT49:39-40); if so this word is wholly distinct from resta “sown field”.

retto *”climber” (PE17:182, language unidentified). The form is mentioned as somehow related to the Sindarin element -reth in Orodreth (*”Mountain-climber”) and could be either Old Sindarin or the Quenya cognate. *Ret- might then be the Quenya verb for “climb”, a derivative of the root RETE of similar meaning.

ría noun "wreath" (PM:347)

#ric- (“k”) (1) vb. “try, put forth effort, strive, endeavour” (PE17:93, 94, 167), imperative á ricë “try!”, pl. á ricir “let them try”, á rice am(a)ricië “try harder!” (or more idiomatically á carë (sí) ancarië, lit. *“do (now) with more doing!”

#ric- (2) vb. "twist", perfect irícië "has twisted" (VT39:9)

ríë noun "crown" (RIG; VT46:11 indicates that the vowel í should be long)

rië noun “garland”, also apparently riendë (PE17:182).

riel (*riell-) noun "garlanded maiden" (SA:kal-), full form riellë noun "a maiden crowned with a festival garland" (PM:347). In Altariel, Altariellë. Compare rië.

riendë, see rië

rihta- vb. "jerk, give quick twist or move, twitch" (RIK(H) )

rillë noun "brilliance" (both the word and the gloss are uncertain, VT46:11)

rilma noun "glittering light" (RIL)

rilya adj.? noun? "glittering" (RIL; in the printed Etymologies the word is also glossed "brilliance", but according to VT46:11 this gloss does not properly apply to this word)

ríma noun "edge, hem, border" (RĪ)

rimba adj. "frequent, numerous" (RIM)

rimbë noun "crowd, host, great number" (RIM, SA:rim, Letters:282)

rimpa adj.? noun? "rushing, flying" (RIP; the word is more likely an adjective)

rin noun "dew" (LT1:265; rather rossë in LotR-style Quenya)

rína adj. "crowned" (RIG), also used as a suffix “garlanded, crowned” (PE17:182)

rinca noun "twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move" (VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) )

rincë ("k") (stem *rinci-, given the primitive form ¤rinki) noun "flourish, quick stroke" (RIK(H); the Etymologies as printed in LR reads "quick shake", but according to VT46:11 the correct reading is "quick stroke")

rinda adj. "circular" (RIN)

rindë noun "circle" (RIN)

ringa adj. "cold" (Markirya); the Etymologies gives ringë (RINGI), but it seems that ringa is to be preferred (cf. Ringarë below). Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná “when winter comes, it is cold” (VT49:23). According to VT46:11, Tolkien originally used the form ringa in Etym as well; later he would restore it. - In early "Qenya", ringa is glossed "damp, cold, chilly" (LT1:265)

Ringarë noun, the twelfth and last month of the year, "December" (Appendix D, SA:ring); the word seems to mean *"Cold-day".

ringë adj. "cold", also ringa (which form is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given as a noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)", but according to VT46:11 this noun should read ringwë. (RINGI)

Ringil noun, name of one of the great Lamps (pillared on ice), apparently contains ringë (RINGI). The name was later abandoned, as Tolkien decided to call the great Lamps Illuin and Ormal.

ringwë (1) noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)" (VT46:11). The misreading ringë appears in Etym as printed in LR, entry RINGI.

ringwë (2) noun "rime, frost" (LT1:265)

*risil (þ) noun "ring" (on the ground) in Rithil-Anamo, q.v.

rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means “cut” or “cleft” (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)

rista- (1) vb. "cut" (RIS), “cleave” (PE17:87)

rista (2) noun “cut” (RIS), cf. #1 above.

Rithil-Anamo place name "Ring of Doom", translation of the foreign word Máhanaxar that was adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:401). Compare Anamo, q.v. Presumably *Risil-Anamo in Exilic Quenya, since the digraph th of rithil must represent the spirant þ (expressed by the letter súlë, older thúlë, in Tengwar writing).

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkien’s later Quenya, the ending -s covers both “he”, “she” and “it”.

roa noun "dog" (VT47:35). Also huo.

[rocca] noun "wheel" (VT46:12)

rocco ("k") noun "horse" (ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko). In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, which Tolkien revised from ronco ("k"), was similarly glossed "swift horse". Nésë nórima rocco (“k”) “he was a horse strong/swift at running” (VT49:29)

#rocindi noun "debtors" (attested in the pl. in the allative case and with a pronominal ending attached: rocindillomman "from our debtors") (VT43:20-21). Variant #rucindi (similarly isolated from rucindillomman). These forms seem to have been ephemeral; Tolkien came up with them while attempting to translate the Lord's Prayer into Quenya, but the final version uses another construction.

#rohta noun "debt, trespass" (attested in the pl.: rohtar, and with a pronominal suffix: rohtammar "our trespasses") (VT43:19) Variant #ruhta. #Rohtalië, #ruhtalië *"trespass-people" = those who trespass (attested in the ablative: rohtaliello, ruhtaliello "from [our] debtors" (VT43:21)

roimë noun "hunt, hunting" (the spelling "raime" in the entry ROY¹ in the Etymologies as printed in LR is a misreading, VT46:12)

roina adj. "ruddy" (ROY²)

roita- vb. "pursue" (ROY¹)

róma (1) noun "horn" (WJ:368 - this refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as part of an animal; see rassë, tarca).Loose compound Oromë róma “an Oromë horn”, sc. “one of Orome's horns (if he had more than one)” (WJ:368).

róma (2) noun "loud sound, trumpet-sound" (ROM). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, róma was also the name of tengwa #30, which letter Tolkien would later call silmë nuquerna instead.

róma (3) noun "shoulder" (LT2:335; evidently obsoleted by # 1 and # 2 above.)

romba noun "horn, trumpet" (ROM)

Rómë noun ”east”, variant of Rómen (PE17:59). Possessive romeva (read rómeva?), genitive rómeö (Ibid.)

rómen, Rómen noun "east" (RŌ, MEN, SA:men), "uprising, sunrise, east" (SA:rómen); also name of tengwa #25 (Appendix E). Possessive form rómenwa (PE17:59). Variant hrómen, PE17:18. Rómenna, a place in the eastern part of Númenor, is simply the allative "eastward" (SA:rómen), cf. also rómenna in LR:47, 56. Ablative Rómello "from the East" or "[to one] from the East", hence Tolkien's translation "to those from the East" in his rendering of Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67, PE17:59; Romello with a short o in VT49:32). Masc. name Rómendacil "East-victor" (Appendix A; cf. Letters:425). Masc. name Rómestámo, Róme(n)star "East-helper" (PM:384, 391; probably ?Rómenstar must always become Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the form as Róme(n)star to indicate the connection with rómen "east")

rómenya adj. "eastern" (RŌ)

róna adj.? "east" (RŌ). Compare hróna.

[ronco], see rocco

ronda adj. “solid, firm” (PE17:183)

rondo noun "a vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below" (and usually not visible from outside); "a (large) hall or chamber so roofed", "vaulted hall" (WJ:414; VT39:9; in the Etymologies, stem ROD, the gloss is simply "cave" or "roof"; see VT46:12 for the latter gloss). Cf. *Elerondo.

ronta adj.? noun? "hollow" (also rotwa) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

ronya noun " 'chaser', hound of chase" (ROY¹)

roquen noun "horseman [but the Quenya word does not show gender], rider, knight" (WJ:372, UT:282)

rossë noun "fine rain, dew" (ROS¹, PM:371)

rosta noun "ascent" (LT1:267)

róta noun "tube" (LT2:347)

rotelë noun "cave" (LT2:347)

rotsë noun "pipe" (LT2:347); pl. rotser (?) in Narqelion? (Cf. QL:xiv)

rotto noun "cave, tunnel" (VT46:12), "a small grot or tunnel" (PM:365)

rotwa adj.? noun? "hollow" (also ronta) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

Rú noun "Drûg", Rúatan pl. Rúatani "Drúedain" (UT:385)

#ruc- (1) ("k") vb. "feel fear or horror" (1st pers. aorist rucin "I feel fear or horror"); the verb is said to be constructed with "from" (sc. the ablative case, or prepositions like ho or va?) of the object feared. (WJ:415) Hence e.g. *rucin i ulundollo (or, *rucin ho/va i ulundo) for "I fear the monster"?

#ruc- (2) vb. "fly (to)", in the phrase ortírielyanna rucimmë, "to thy patronage we fly" (VT44:7). If this is really the same verb as ruc- #1 above, it would indicate that ruc- combined with the allative case implies flying in horror to some refuge (denoted by the allative noun).

rúcarë noun “evil-doing”. Variant of hrúcarë. (PE17:170)

rúcima ("k") adj. "terrible" (WJ:415)

rúcina ("k") adj. (or passive participle?) "confused, shattered, disordered, ruined" in Markirya (the first version of this poem had "red skies", MC:215, changed to "ruined skies" in the final version; see MC:220, note 8)

#rucindi, see rocindi

ruhta- (1) vb. "terrify" (WJ:415)

ruhta (2), see rohta

ruimen noun “fireplace, hearth” (PE17:183)

ruina adj. “blazing, fiery” (PE17:183). Cf. ruinë.

ruinë noun “a fire, a blaze” (PE17:183). Compare nárë.

ruivë, also aparuivë, noun “wild fire”, fire as conflagration (PE17:183)

rúma- vb. "shift, move, heave (of large and heavy things)"; participle rúmala in Markirya; this was changed to rúma, evidently the naked verbal stem used as participle

Rúmil masc. name, genitive Rúmilo (WJ:398)

rúna- vb. "[to] free" (VT43:23). Compare eterúna-, etrúna-, q.v. It is not quite clear whether rúna by itself is an adjective or a verb; the gloss "free" makes room for both interpretations. If #runando "redeemer" (q.v.) is formed from this noun, it would cover "to redeem" as well.

#runando noun "redeemer", isolated from Mardorunando masc. name "Redeemer of the world" (VT44:17)

runda (1) adj. “smooth, polished” (PE17:89)

runda (2) noun "rough piece of wood" (RUD)

rúnya noun "red flame" (SA:ruin; PM:366 gives runya)

runya noun "slot, footprint" (RUN; according to PM:366 runya also means "red flame", but SA:ruin has rúnya for this meaning)

rusca (1) adj. “wroth”, also ruxa (PE17:188)

[rusca] (2) adj. "red-brown" (VT41:10)

rusco (stem ruscu-, pl. rusqui) noun "fox" (PM:353, VT41:10)

ruscuitë adj. "foxy" (VT41:10)

rúsë (þ) noun “wrath” (PE17:188)

rúsëa (þ) adj. “wrathful” (PE17:188)

russa adj. "red-haired" (VT41:10)

Russandol masc. name "Copper-top", a nickname (epessë) of Maitimo/Nelyafinwë (= Maedhros) (PM:354)

russë (1) noun "(a head or pelt of) red hair" (VT41:10)

russë (2) noun "corruscation, †sword-blade" (RUS)

rusta adj.? "broken" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

ruste adj.? or participle? "crumbling" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

rúvina adj. (or passive particle) “burst”. A verb #ruv- “to burst” may be extrapolated; the root is given as RUVU “burst asunder” (QL:81)

ruxa (1) adj. “wroth” (PE17:188). Also rusca.

#ruxa- (2) vb. "crumble"; verbal stem only attested as a participle ruxal' "crumbling" in the Markirya poem, elided from *ruxala (since the next word begins in an a).

-rya 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "his, her" and probably “its” (VT49:16, 38, 48, Nam, RGEO:67), attested in coivierya *”his/her life”, máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her voice" (genitive of *ómarya "her voice"), súmaryassë "in her bosom" (locative of súmarya "her bosom"); for the meaning "his" cf. coarya "his house" (WJ:369). The ending is descended from primitive ¤-sjā via -zya (VT49:17) and therefore connects with the 3rd person ending -s “he, she, it”. – In colloquial Quenya the ending -rya could be used for “their” rather than “his/her”, because it was felt to be related to the plural ending -r, e.g. símaryassen “in their [not his/her] imaginations” (VT49:16, 17). See -ya #4.

-s (1) 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "he/him, she/her, it" (VT49:48, 51), occurring in caris *“he/she/it does” (VT49:16, PE17:129), caitas *“it lies” (PE17:65), tentanes “it pointed” (VT49:26), tulis *”(s)he comes” (VT49:19), eques (q.v.), anes (see ná #1), also (in object position) in camnelyes, caritas, caritalya(s), melinyes, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. (Tolkien mentions -s as an “objective” ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17:110.) The longer form -së (perhaps with personal meaning “he, she” only) is said to be “rare” (VT49:51); cf. násë “he is”, nésë “he was” (see ná #1). In nésë the ending is suggested to be shortened from -sse (VT49:28), an ending that may also be attested in the untranslated verbal form tankassen (PE17:76), where it is perhaps followed by a second pronominal ending -n *”me”. According to PE17:129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage appeared as -ze “when pronominal affixes followed” (Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. apparently *carizet for “he makes them”); normally z would later become r, but it actually became (historically: reverted to) s by analogy with the short form caris as well as the independent pronoun se. Exilic Quenya would then evidently have (e.g.) *cariset for “he made them”, with a rare example of intervocalic s that is not derived from older þ.

-s (2) ending for the mysterious case sometimes called "respective", actually probably a shorter variant of the locative in -ssë. Pl. -is, dual -tes, partitive pl. -lis.

sa pron. "it", 3rd person sg, corresponding to the ending -s (VT49:30). Used of inanimate things or abstracts (VT49:37; plants are considered animate; see se). For sa as object, cf. the sentence ecë nin carë sa “I can do it” (VT49:34). Stressed sá (VT49:51). Ósa *"with it" (VT43:36). Also compare the reflexive pronoun insa *"itself", q.v. – In one text, sa is also defined as “that” (VT49:18); apparently Tolkien also at one point considered giving sa a plural significance, so that it meant *“they, them” of inanimate things, the counterpart of “personal” té (VT49:51).

sa-rincë ("k"), apparently the name of the "hook" that may be attached to a tengwa letter to indicate a following s (VT46:11). If so, sa may be a name of S (as a sound).

sá noun "fire" (LT1:265; "Qenya" spelling sâ. Rather nárë in LotR-style Quenya.)

saca- ("k") (1) vb. "pursue, look for, search" (QL:81; pa.t. sácë.)

saca- (þ) ("k") (2) vb. "draw, pull" (VT43:23; this word must come from older *þaca- because it is said to be related to sahta-, older þahta-, "induce", q.v.)

saccantë ("k") vb. "rent" (past tense of an otherwise unattested verb #saccata- "rend"?) (SD:246)

Sahóra "the South" (LT1:248, 255; rather Hyarmen in LotR-style Quenya)

#sahta- (þ) vb. "induce", apparently primarily in negative sense: *"tempt". Compare the gerund or abstract noun sahtië (þ) "pressure or force (to do something against one's will or conscience)" (VT43:22-23; compare úsahtië.)

saicelë noun “famine” (QL:82)

#saila adj. "wise" (isolated from alasaila [q.v.] "unwise" in a late source)

saira adj. "wise" (SAY, VT46:12; a later source has the alternative formation #saila as above)

sairina adj.? "magic" (evidently adj. rather than noun) (GL:72)

sairon noun "wizard" (SAY); according to LT2:337 and GL:29, Sairon is also the Quenya (or Qenya) name of Dairon (Daeron).

saiwa adj. "hot" (LT1:248, 255, 265); rather lauca in Tolkien's later Quenya

salma noun "lyre" (LT1:265)

Salmar masc. name; etymology unclear - cf. salma? (Silm)

salmë noun "harp-playing" (LT1:265; rather nandelë in Tolkien's later Quenya)

salpa- (1) vb. "lick up, sup, sip" (SÁLAP), "take a sup of" (LT1:266)

salpa (2) noun "bowl" (LT1:266), also #salpë isolated from tanyasalpë "Bowl of Fire") –LT1:292

salquë ("q") noun "grass" (SALÁK-(WĒ) )

#sam- vb. “have” (cited as samin, 1st person sg. aorist), pa.t. sámë (PE17:173)

sáma noun "mind" (pl. sámar and dual samat [sic, read *sámat?] are given) (VT39:23, VT41:5, VT49:33, PE17:183)

sambë (þ) noun "room, chamber" (STAB)

samin (samind-) noun “silk” (QL:81)

saminda, saminwa adj. “silken” (QL:81)

samna (þ) noun "wooden post" (STAB)

samnar noun "diphthongs" (sg. #samna "diphthong"?) (SAM; in one text probably dating to late 1930s, Tolkien rejects "osamnar" as the word for "diphthong", introducing the form ocamna to replace it. See VT44:13-14.)

samno (þ) noun "carpenter, wright, builder" (STAB)

#sámo (þ) noun “helper”, tentatively isolated from Rómestámo “East-helper”, q.v. When initial, st- would normally simplify as s-, for archaic þ-.

sampa noun “spade” (QL:82, PE16:145); cf. the verb sapa- “dig”

san (1) adv. "then" (MC:216; also twice in Narqelion), a “Qenya” term apparently replaced by tá in Tolkien’s later conception. In his later Quenya, san would be the dative form of sa “it”, hence “for it; to it”.