Quettaparma Quenyanna

YARD ranga (pl rangar is attested). The basic meaning of ranga was "full pace". This Númenórean linear measure was "slightly longer than our yard, approximately 38 inches [= 96.5 cm]". –UT:285, 461

YAWN yanga-, #hac- (only attested as participle: hácala "yawning") –YAG, MC:222

YEAR loa (lit. "growth"), coranar (lit. "sun-round", used when the year was considered more or less astronomically – but loa is stated to be the more usual word for "year"). The pl. coranári is attested (PM:126). LONG-YEAR yén (pl. yéni is attested in Nam; the Etymologies as printed in LR cite the stem-form as yen-, but according to VT46:22 Tolkien's manuscript actually has the pl. form yéni as in Nam). A "long-year" is a period of 144 solar years, an Elvish "century" – the Eldar used duodecimal counting, in which 144 is the first three-digit number, like our 100. But sometimes it seems that yén simply means "year". Cf the following words: LAST YEAR yenya, HAVING MANY YEARS linyenwa (old), *RECKONING OF YEARS Yénonótië –LotR:1141, YEN, MR:51

YELLOW malina, tulca (the latter was adopted from Valarin and used in Vanyarin Quenya only),YELLOW POWDER malo (stem *malu-) (pollen) (note: a homophone means “moth”), "YELLOW HAMMER" (yellow bird) ammalë, ambalë, YELLOW WATER-LILY nénu –SMAL, WJ:399, LT1:248

YES ná (literally "is", i.e. "[so it] is"), also (in the “past tense”) né, with reference to something past, i.e. “yes” =” it was so, it was as you say/ask”. Náto is possibly an emphatic form of “yes”. – In one conceptual phase, Tolkien used lá for "yes", but in both earlier and later material, lá is the negation "no, not" instead. –QL:64, VT42:33, VT49:18, 28-29, 31

YESTERDAY noa (shortened from the full phrase noa ré “former day”; thus noa is basically an adjective “former”). In another conceptual phase, noa meant “tomorrow” instead. Not to be confused with noa “conception; idea”. –VT49:34

YOKE yanta (bridge), yaltë –YAT, GL:37

YON, YONDER (adj) enta (note: a homophone means "another, one more"); YONDER (interjection?) en (there, look!) –EN, VT45:12

YOU (plural and dual only; for singular "you", see THOU): Plural “you” is normally expressed by the ending -ldë (VT49:51) that is added to verbs, e.g. carildë “you do” (VT49:16; in earlier texts Tolkien also used the ending--llë for pl. "you”, VT43:36, VT49:48). The reduced form -l may be attached to an imperative: hecal! "you be gone!" (WJ:364). Independent pronoun le, with long vowel (lé, VT49:51) when stressed. Case endings may be added, e.g. dative *len “for you” (cf. nin “for me”). YOUR (plural) is expressed by the ending -lda (VT49:16), e.g. onnalda “your child” (VT49:42); as an independent word perhaps *lenya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Dual forms of YOU, used when addressing two persons: ending -stë (for original -dde, VT49:16, 33, 51), independent pronoun tyet (intimate/familiar) or let (polite/formal), YOUR (dual): ending -sta (VT49:16), as independent word perhaps *tyentya, *lentya derived from dual dative forms *tyent, *lent “for you (two)”. Compare such attested forms as ninya “my” and menya “our” vs. the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for us”.

YOUNG nessa, vinya, cana; YOUTH nésë (Þ), nessë, vírië, vínë, laito/laisi (vigour, new life). Note: all of these words seem to mean "youth" as an abstract; for "youth" = "young person", see YOUNGSTER. YOUNG OR SMALL WOMAN, see GIRL. YOUTHFUL nessima –NETH, VT46:22, VT47:26, LR:25, GL:37, LT1:267

YOUNGSTER winyamo (read *vinyamo in Exilic Quenya) –VT47:26

YOUR, see YOU

YOURSELF (or "thyself", reflexive pronoun) immo (a general sg. reflexive pronoun, covering English "myself, him/herself, yourself"). Also specific 2nd person forms: intyë (apparently familiar), imlë (apparently formal). Plural YOURSELVES indë (a form imde is also listed, but may be intended as the older form that yielded indë) –VT47:37

YOUTH (abstract), see YOUNG; for “youth = young person”, the word glossed YOUNGSTER (q.v.) may be used

ZIMRAPHEL Míriel –UT:224, Silm:324

ZIMRATHÔN Hostamir –UT:222