References

Tinbergen, L. The natural control of insects in pinewoods: I. factors affecting the inten­sity of predation by songbirds. Archives Neerlandaises de Zoologie, 1960, 13, 265-343.

Tinbergen, N. Social releasers and the experimental method required for their study. Wilson Bulletin, 1948, 60, 6-51.

Tinbergen, N. The study of instinct. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951.

Tinbergen, N. Curious naturalists. New York: Basic Books, 1958.

Tinbergen, N. On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 1963, 20, 410-433.

Tinbergen, N., Impekoven, M., & Franck, D. An experiment on spacing out as a defense against predators. Behaviour, 1967, 28, 307-321.

Toates, F. Control theory in biology and experimental psychology. London: Hutchinson Educational, 1975.

Toates, F. M., & Archer, J. A comparative review of motivational systems using classical control theory. Animal Behaviour, 1978, 26, 368-380.

Toates, F. M., & Halliday, T. R. (Eds.) The analysis of motivational processes. London:

Academic Press, 1980.

Todorov, J. C. Component duration and relative response rates in multiple schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1972, 17, 45-49.

Todorov, j. C. Interaction of frequency and magnitude of reinforcement on concurrent performances. Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 1973, 19, 451-458.

Tolman, E. C. Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Appleton-Century­-Crofts, 1932. (Reprinted, University of California Press, 1949.)

Tolman, E. C., & Honzik, C. H. Introduction and removal of reward, and maze perfor­mance in rats. University of California Publications in Psychology, 1930, 4, 257-275.

Torgerson, W. S. Multidimensional scaling: theory and method. Psychometrika, 1952, 17, 401-419.

Toulmin, S. Neuroscience and human understanding. In G. Quarton, F. Schmitt, & E. Melnechuk (Eds.), Neuroscience: a study program. New York: Rockefeller Univer­sity Press, 1967.

Uexküll, J. von. Streifzuge durch die Umwelten von Tieren undMenschen. Berlin: Springer,1934.

Uhl, C. N. Response elimination in rats with schedules of omission training, including yoked and response-independent reinforcement comparisons. Learning and Motiva­tion, 1974, 5, 511-531.

Verplanck, W. S. Since learned behavior is innate, and vice versa, what now? Psychological Review, 1955, 52, 139-144.

Von Neuman, J., & Morgenstern, O. Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1947.

Waddington, C. H. Genetic assimilation of the Bithorax phenotype. Evolution, 1956, 10 ,1-13.

Waddington, C. H. Evolutionary adaptation. In S. Tax (Ed.), Evolution after Darwin. Vol.1: The evolution of life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

Waddington, C. H. New patterns in genetics and development. London: Allen & Unwin, 1962.

Wagner, A. R. Expectancies and the priming of STM. In S. H. Hulse, H. Fowler, & W. K. Honig (Eds.), Cognitive processes in animal behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1978.

Wagner, A. R., Rudy, J. W., & Whitlow, J. W. Rehearsal in animal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1973, 97, 407-426.

Wagner, A. R., & Terry, W. S. Backward conditioning to a CS following an expected vs. a surprising UCS. Animal Learning and Behavior, 1975, 3, 370-374.

Wallsten, T. S. (Ed.) Cognitive processes in choice and decision behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1980.

Walsh, V. C. Introduction to contemporary microeconomics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.

Watson, J. B. Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1919.

Werner, E. E., & Hall, D. J. Optimal foraging and the size selection of prey by the Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ecology, 1974, 55, 1216-1232.

Wessells, M. G. The effects of reinforcement upon the pre-pecking behaviors of pigeons in the autoshaping experiment. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,

1974, 21, 125-144.

West, M. J., King, A. P., Eastzer, D. H., & Staddon, J. E. R. A bioassay of isolate cowbird song. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1979, 93, l24-l33.

Whipple, W. R., & Fantino, E. Key-peck durations under behavioral contrast and differ­ential reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1980, 34, 167-176.

White, K. G. Behavioral contrast as differential time allocation. Journal of the Experi­mental Analysis of Behavior, 1978, 29, 151-160.

Whitham, T. G. Coevolution of foraging in Bombus and nectar dispensing in Cilopsis: a last dreg theory. Science, 1977, 197, 593-596.

Wickens, D. D., & Wickens, C. D. Some factors related to pseudoconditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1942, 31, 518-526.

Wilcoxon, H. C. Historical introduction to the problem of reinforcement. In J. C. Tapp (Ed.), Reinforcement and behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1969.

Williams, B. A. Reinforcement, choice, and response strength. In R. C. Atkinson, R. J. Herrnstein, G. Lindzey, & R. D. Luce (Eds.), Stevens' handbook of experimental psychology (2 ed.,). New York: John Wiley, 1988.

Williams, D. R. Classical conditioning and incentive motivation. In W. F. Prokasy (Ed.), Classical conditioning: a symposium. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1965.

Williams, D. R., & Williams, H. Auto-maintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Be­havior, 1969, 12, 511-520.

Wilson, M. P. Periodic reinforcement interval and number of periodic reinforcements as parameters of response strength. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1954, 47, 51-56.

Wirtshafter, D., & Davis, J. D. Set points, settling points, and the control of body weight. Physiology and Behavior, 1977, 19, 75-78.

Wynne, C. D. L., & Staddon, J. E. R. Typical delay determines waiting time on periodic-food schedules: static and dynamic tests. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1988, 50, 197-210.

Yates, F. A. The art of memory. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966.

Zeiler, M. D., & Buchman, I. B. Response requirements as constraints on output. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1979, 32, 29-49.

Zeiler, M. D., & Harzem, P. (Eds.) Reinforcement and the organization of behavior. New York: Wiley, 1979.

Zener, K. The significance of behavior accompanying conditioned salivary secretion for theories of the conditioned response. American Journal of Psychology, 1937, 50, 384-403.

Zippelius, H. Die karawanenbildung bei feld- und hausspitzmaus. Zeitschrifi für Tierpsychologie, 1972, 30, 305-320.

Ziriax, J. M., & Silberberg, A. Discrimination and emission of different key-peck dura­tions in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Pro­cesses, 1978, 4, 1-21.