Reflexivity and Causation: a study of the Vector ghe (take) in Marathi Renuka Ozarkar

Reflexivity and Causation: A Study of the Vector ghe (TAKE) in Marathi

• Renuka Ozarkar

• University of Mumbai

• [e-mail]

• mii rameS-kaDuun aambe paaD-uun

• I Ramesh-from mangoes drop-CP

• ghet-l-e

• TAKE-perf-3p.pl.musc.

• I got the mangoes dropped by Ramesh.

• 2. panCam-ne he gaaNe giitaa-kaDuun

• Pancham-ERG this song Geeta-from

• gaaw-uun ghet-l-e

• sing-CP TAKE-3p.sing.neut.

• I got this song sung by Geeta.

Synthetic causatives in Marathi:

• Synthetic causatives in Marathi:

• i. Internal consonant change

• phaaT-Ne (to get torn) : phaaD-Ne (to tear)

• ii. Internal vowel change

• mar-Ne (to die) : maar-Ne (to kill)

• iii. Internal consonant and vowel change

• phuT-Ne (to burst) : phoD-Ne (to burst trans.)

• iv. Suffixation, i.e. adding –aw suffix to the root:

• has-Ne (to laugh) : has-aw-Ne (to make laugh)

• v. Suppletives

• dzaa-Ne (to go): paaTh-aw-Ne (to send)

• vi. Labiles

• ughaD-Ne, ukaL-Ne, ukaD-Ne, moD-Ne

Analytic causatives in Marathi:

• Analytic causatives in Marathi:

• i. laaw (lit. attach, apply):

• gaaNe gaay-laa laaw-Ne

• ii. bhaag paaD-Ne:

• gaaNe gaay-laa bhaag paaD-Ne

• iii. de-Ne (give) : (permissive construction)

• gaaNe gaa-uu de-Ne

• iv. ghe-Ne (take):

• 3. aaii-ne raam-kaDuun gaaNe gaa-uun mother-ERG Ram-from song sing-CP

• ghet-l-e

• TAKE-perf-3p.sing.neut.

• Mother got a song sung by Ram.

Direct causation:

• Direct causation:

• 4. a) baaL dzhop-l-e

• child sleep-perf-3p.sing.neut.

• The child slept.

• b) aaii-ne baaLaa-laa dzhop-aw-l-e

• mother-ERG child-ACC sleep-caus.-perf-3p.sig.neut.

• The mother made the child sleep.

• c) */ ? aaii-ne raam-kaDun baaLaa-laa mother-ERG Ram-from child-ACC

• dzhop-aw-l-e

• sleep-caus.-perf-3p.sing.neut.

• The mother made the child sleep through Ram.

‘Indirect’ causation:

• ‘Indirect’ causation:

• 5. a) baaii-ne kapaDe dhut-l-e

• maid-ERG clothes wash-perf-3p.pl.musc.

• The maid washed the clothes.

• (b) siimaa-ne (baaii-kaDun) kapaDe Seema-ERG maid-from clothes

• dhuw-uun ghet-l-e

• wash-CP TAKE-perf-3p.pl.musc.

• Seema got the clothes washed by the maid.

Structure of unaccusative verbs

• Structure of unaccusative verbs

• procP

• DP

• candle resP proc

• extinguish

• DP res

• extinguish

-aw causation of unaccusative verbs

• -aw causation of unaccusative verbs

• initP

• DP

• Seema procP init

• -aw

• DP

• candle resP proc

• extinguish

• DP res

• extinguish

Structure of unergative verbs

• Structure of unergative verbs

• initP

• DP

• Seema procP init

• sit

• DP

• proc

-aw causation of unergative verbs

• -aw causation of unergative verbs

• initP

• DP

• Seema procP init

• -aw

• DP

• proc

• sit

Structure of transitive verbs

• Structure of transitive verbs

• initP

• DP

• Seema procP init

• wash

• DP

• clothes resP proc

• DP res

ghe compound verb & causative construction

• ghe compound verb & causative construction

• initP

• DP

• Seema procP init

• TAKE

• DP

• clothes resP proc

• DP res

• wash

6. raam-ne (madzuraan-kaDuun) dzhaaDe

• 6. raam-ne (madzuraan-kaDuun) dzhaaDe

• Ram-ERG labourers-from trees

• toD-uun ghet-l-ii

• break.trans-CP TAKE-perf-3p.pl.neut

• Ram got the trees cut by the labourers.

• 7. aaii-ne (raam-kaDun) bhintii-war aarsaa

• Mother-ERG Ram-from wall-on mirror bas-aw-uun ghet-l-aa

• sit-caus-CP TAKE-perf-3p.sing.musc.

• The mother made Ram fix a mirror on the wall.

8.a) siimaa muddaam caTai-war bas-l-ii

• 8.a) siimaa muddaam caTai-war bas-l-ii

• Seema deliberately mat-on sit-perf- 3p.sing.fem.

• Seema sat on the mat deliberately.

• b) *aarsaa muddaam bhintii-war bas-l-aa

• mirror deliberately wall-on sit-perf- 3p.sing.musc.

• The mirror sat/ fitted on the wall deliberately.

• c) *aaii-ne raam-kaDun siimaa-laa caTai-war

• mother-ERG Ram-from Seema-ACC mat-on

• bas-aw-uun ghet-l-a

• sit-caus.CP TAKE-perf-3p.sing.neut.

• The mother made Seema sit on the mat through Ram.

Conditions for ghe causative:

• Conditions for ghe causative:

• 1) The non-causative verb must have identified the init feature, which will be subsequently underassociated. In other words, the INITIATOR argument must be present.

• 2.A) The INITIATOR and UNDERGOER arguments must be distinct entities.

• 2.B) The UNDERGOER argument must not have initiational properties such as volition or control over the activity that it is undergoing.

But…

• But…

• 9) *aaii-ne baabaan-kaDun raam-laa

• mother-ERG father-from Ram-ACC

• cop-uun ghet-l-e

• beat-CP TAKE-perf-3p.sing.neut.

• The mother got Ram beaten by the father.

10. aapaN tiCyaa-kaDuun yaaCii tayaarii

• 10. aapaN tiCyaa-kaDuun yaaCii tayaarii

• we she-from his(prox) preparation karuun ghe-uu

• do-CP TAKE-fut.-1p.pl

• We will get this one prepared by her.

• 11. aaii-ne madZhyaa-kaDuun kavitaa

• mother-ERG me-from poems

• paaTh mhaN-uun ghet-l-yaa

• by-heart say-CP TAKE-perf-3p.fem.pl.

• Mother got the poems sung by heart by me.

References:

• References:

• Damale, M.K. 1969. Shastriiya Marathi VyaakaraN. Ed. Krishna Arjunwadkar. Pune: Deshmukh & Company.

• Ramchand, Gillian. 2008. Verb Meaning and Lexicon: The First Phase Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

•  

• Shibatani, M. & P. Pardeshi. 2003.

• Wali, Kashi. 2006. Marathi. Indian Institue of Languages.