Сборник материалов международной научной конференции студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов

Е.Г. Горевая, К.Н. Циолта

Республика Беларусь, Брест, БрГУ имени А.С. Пушкина

Научный руководитель – Л.М. Калилец

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT

OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN BELARUS

Entrepreneurship is essential for sustainable economic growth. In countries with a market economy entrepreneurship is widespread and constitutes the overwhelming majority of forms of organizations. Entrepreneurship in largely provides the main competitive advantages of the economy of the market type: gives the necessary flexibility to market mechanism, creates the preconditions for innovative economic development.

The emergence and development of entrepreneurship in Belarus belongs to the middle of the XIX century. The first small private pottery, brick factories, mills were established mainly in rural areas. At the end of the XIX – early XX century private capital took a strong position in industry and transport.

Before the Revolution, Belarus was a part of the Russian Empire. At the beginning of XX century special development was the cooperative movement as a form of entrepreneurship. More than 84 million people organized and ran cooperatives in 1917 in Russia (that was the half the country’s population).

Especially great was the role of small and medium-sized businesses in the period of the NEP. In 1925 the industry operated 1,882,408 small, private and artisanal craft enterprises. They accounted for 19% of industrial production in the country, including 32% of the issue of consumer industrial goods. Private trade accounted for 25% of the total turnover of Russia and more than 50% of the retail trade, which concentrated about 60% of all financial resources of the private sector. However, with the weakening of the NEP, private enterprises were subsequently banned altogether.

The revival of the Belarusian entrepreneurship refers to 1986 with the adoption of the law “About cooperation in the USSR”. The main legal forms of business activity were cooperatives. The main objective of the cooperative movement was to overcome the deficit and the saturation of consumer market. Therefore, private initiative prevailed in such sectors as transport, public services and consumer products.

As a result of the adoption of the law “On Property in the USSR” rental companies started to develop. The most active supporters of the lease were the enterprises of light, wood and food industries.

In order to promote the interests of the private sector business associations were created: the Union of Entrepreneurs and tenants of Belarus, Belarusian Scientific and Industrial Association, the Belarusian Union of Entrepreneurs.

New (the second) stage in the development of business began in 1992, which was characterized by high rates of growth in the number of entrepreneurs, increasing their independence from the public sector, the development of stock exchanges, banks, insurance companies. Because of this, Belarusian Fund for Financial Support of Entrepreneurs was soon formed.

In subsequent years, business on the territory of the Republic of Belarus was developing rapidly. According to the World Bank, at the end of 1995 the share of private sector in GDP amounted to 12–14%.

However, in 1996 (the beginning of the third stage in the development of business) government regulation of business activity was increased. Requirements for business entities tightened, resulting in a large number of reduced business structures. At the same time the role of entrepreneurship in the economyand interaction between the state and business grew. The rapid development of enterprise demanded its organization and management. This led to the formation of the legal framework of entrepreneurial activity, as well as differentiation of organizational forms.

Today the development of business in the Republic of Belarus is based on the initiative, independence, economic and personal liability of its businesses.

The development of small business in the Republic of Belarus related to the solution of political, economic and social problems: saturation of the market, a variety of goods and services, reduction of unemployment, employment, creation of healthy competition, education diligence and respect for the property, etc.

The development of small business in the Republic of Belarus has a number of features. The main forms of doing business are:

• corporations and private enterprises, limited liability companies, based on national capital;

• joint ventures with foreign participation and their subsidiaries; foreign enterprises;

• former state enterprises redeemed or transferred their teams in the co-ownership;

• public rental company;

• private enterprise without a legal entity.

A distinctive feature of the development of small business in the Republic of Belarus is the uneven distribution over the regions of the country. More than half of all small businesses located in Minsk, the rest are located in other six areas.

Therefore, we can conclude that although business in Belarus increases its performance, it is still to be developed.

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В статье раскрываются особенности становления предпринимательской деятельности на территории Республики Беларусь, трудности, с которыми сталкивались мелкие и крупные предприниматели, их место на рынке товаров и услуг.