Сборник материалов международной научной конференции студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов
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- А.В. Власюк, Е.А. Миронюк
Ю.Д. Бут-ГусаимРеспублика Беларусь, Минск, БГПУ имени М. Танка Научный руководитель – В.М. Шелег TRAGICAL CONSEQUENSES OF WAR IN HEMINGWAY’S WORKSErnest Hemingway appeared in the American and world literature as one of the writers who spoke for the “lost generation”. Those were the people who participated in World War I and lost their belief in themselves, bright ideals and a happy life. The theme was characteristic of Hemingway’s early books. A son of a provincial doctor, Hemingway became independent in his youth travelling much over the country. During World War I he joined sanitary American troops in Italy. In 1937 he took part in the Second Congress of American writers and a protest against the threat of fascism in Europe. The civil war in Spain found a quick response in Hemingway who was actively helping the republicans in their struggle against the fascist reaction. The events in Spain became the major theme for a number of his books: “The Fifth Column” (1938), “For Whom the Bell Tolls” (1940), and several sketches. Hemingway’s basic theme crystallized at a time of great crisis for European and American society. Never before in the span of two generations had people witnessed so many violent deaths, so sharp a shift from prosperity to hunter, such outbursts of demagoguery, such blatant encouragement of immortality and irresponsibility [2, c. 248]. The war was terrible, but it was even more terrible, indeed incomprehensible, to see how easily it was forgotten as a carefree, cynical life style took form in the West toward the end of the nineteen twenties. People acted as though they felt unbearable pain from some earlier discovery. They tried to live comfortably on the slope of a recently extinct volcano, although there was no evidence that the volcano would not erupt again, in a week, a day, or a hour. “A Farewell to Arms” was the fictional result of Hemingway’s experiences in Italy what would become one of the mostly dominant themes in his novels, the confrontation of death. Through Catherine Barkley’s character seems dated to contemporary female readers, the book still demonstrates the Hemingway used what he learned in Italy to show that war brings out the best and worst in men and women [1, c. 371]. Under such conditions, the task of remanding people took on tremendous significance. It was crucial to bring to the foreground and elucidate the cruel lessons of the war. The quiet hero of the trenches was not an exponent of mature revolutionary aspiration, but he was prepared to accept revolution. Hemingway calls upon these silent heroes of the trenches (both the living and dead) to judge the whole post-war reality of Western society, its way of life, political struggles, morality, and art. Hemingway also tests this society be carefully tracing the fate of a veteran and scrutinizing society’s relation to the spiritual world of people who have experienced its crisis to the utmost. In Death in the Afternoon (1932) the author draws the attention of an elderly lady with whom he had been conversing to an essay entitled “A Natural History of the Dead”, which says the following: “It has always seemed to me that the war has been omitted as a field for observations of the naturalist…” More than once Hemingway claimed that he was speaking in the name of the “lost generation”, the young men who went to the front survived the war and returned home. Why was this generation “lost”? The “lost generation” was not a generation of people who lost their way of life. It was a generation incapable of reconciling itself to optimistic illusion of prosperity. Those men who witnessed the war did no simply witness an isolated bloody event and excesses. They witnessed the law and norm of exiting society. Through The Sun Also Rises was well received by the critics, it was not well received by Hemingway’s acquaintances who saw themselves portrayed as self-indulgent, alcoholic and sexually promiscuous in his unflattering, but honest, characterizations. Nor was it well received by his mother, who said he had produced “one of the filthiest books of year”. It is not difficult to conclude that such a frame of mind not only precluded moral idealism, it undermined the foundations of moral consciousness. Moral consciousness is based on the conviction that to serve society and its institutions is to serve the people. Among Hemingway’s best-known books devoted to the lost generation are: “In Our Time” (1925), “The Sun Also” (1926), “A Farewell to Arms” (1929), “Death in the Afternoon” (1932), “Green Hills of Africa” (1935), “To Have and Have Not” (1937), and “The Old Man and the Sea” (1952) [1, c. 358]. Hemingway was not one to pin his hopes on the inevitability of a perfect society on earth. At the same time he strongly opposed apathy and despair/ he believed that man could not be made to accept violence, immortality, and economic injustice, and had faith in the invincibility of true morality. He believed in that “strength and firmness which allows a slender blade of grass to push through the pavement each spring”.
В статье речь идёт о творчестве Эрнеста Хемингуэя, на которое большое влияние оказала война. Автор статьи рассматривает творческое наследие писателя в контексте литературы «потерянного поколения». А.В. Власюк, Е.А. МиронюкРеспублика Беларусь, Брест, БрГУ имени А.С. Пушкина Научный руководитель – Т.С. Троцюк DANGEROUS COSMETICSDo you know that the average Belarusian woman uses around 8 personal care products per day or according to questioning 97% of senior schoolgirls use decorative cosmetics? Would you be shocked to learn that cosmetics can contain dangerous chemicals that are just deadly? Can they harm you, your family and your friends? Researchers say “Yes, they can!” Cosmetics, for the most part, are made up of chemicals. Some of those chemicals occur naturally, whilst others are made in the lab. In fact, using cosmetics on a daily basis makes your body adsorb nearly 5 pounds of makeup chemicals a year. Chemicals that include carcinogens, pesticides, endocrine disruptors and reproductive toxins – often remain on the market despite of the known toxic effects. The FDA states, “With the exception of colour additives and a few prohibited ingredients, a cosmetic manufacturer may use almost any raw material as a cosmetic ingredient and market the product without an approval from FDA”. Here is a roundup of the five top dangerous chemicals that appear in tens of thousands of cosmetic products. Sodium lauryl / laureth sulfate (SLS, SLES) If you look carefully at the label on almost any inexpensive facial cleanser, or your toothpaste, shampoo, or mouthwash, chances that you can see sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate on it are great. Sodium lauryl / laureth sulfate is a former industrial degreaser now used to make soap foamy. This chemical is a surfactant. That’s why it keeps all the other ingredients in the product well-mixed and available to the skin. It helps all the ingredients in the formula penetrate the skin, but the problem is that it also helps any toxin you happen to pick up from your environment, including the organophosphate insecticides and pesticides, penetrate your skin too. Phthalates This is a toxic chemical that is found in perfumes and other cosmetics. This chemical is also added to plastics to make it more flexible and to increase transparency, encourage durability, and make it last longer. It is said to “stabilize” the smell of perfumes and the colour in cosmetics, that’s why they are often used in cosmetics. Scientists have found a connection between the development of diabetes and the omnipresence of phthalates in personal care products. Also this ingredient is said to be an estrogen mimicker that causes problems for the endocrine system. This leads to irritability, depression, and hyperactivity. In Europe, the phthalates DEHP, DBP, and BBP are banned for use in toys and cosmetics. Propylene Glycol (Proptylene Glycol, 1 or 2-Propanediol, PEG, or PPG) This chemical is related to anti-freeze and comes from petroleum, a fossil fuel product. Propylene glycol is recognized as safe (by the FDA) to be in food, yet it leads to liver problems and kidney damage. What’s more, it is a well-known skin and eye irritant. It can be found in moisturisers, toothpastes, mouthwashes, fragrance oils, massage oils, lotions, deodorants, and more. The “Parabens” Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Butylparaben, and Ethylparaben are all in the class of chemicals called the Parabens. These are widely used as preservatives in cosmetics and medication. They are found in shampoos, shaving creams, moisturisers, personal lubricants, spray tanning solution, toothpastes, deodorants, and lotions. The Parabens influence breast cancer and allergic reactions. The studies have shown that they are slightly estrogenic and can be absorbed by the body through the skin. Nevertheless they are widely used even they are known to be toxic [2]. Formaldehyde (Methanol, Formalin or Methylene Glycol) Formaldehyde is a known human carcinogen that leads to leukemia, cancer, asthma-like symptoms, developmental delays, reproductive issues and dermatitis. It is used as a preservative in vaccines, nail polishes, shampoos and bleach. Japan and Sweden has banned formaldehyde to be used [1, 5]. Nearly all these chemicals can penetrate the skin, and some we indest directly from our lips or hands. Many companies are working now to remove some of these toxins from their products. The big companies hale at least one green brand that is free of the parabens, phthalates, SLS, PEGs and other toxins. We should look for items that are labeled as “green” or “toxic free” and find out which products to watch for and what chemicals can be represented in them. If you really know the long-term consequences of using cosmetics with these toxic chemicals, you will choose a natural look without parabens and phthalates. In fact, if you choose a natural look, you just might look better in future life. Toxins in cosmetics don’t only endanger health, they cause wrinkling, reddening, and skin inflammation. The short-term benefit is just not worth the long-term cost.
В статье раскрывается проблема использования опасных для здоровья веществ, входящих в состав косметической продукции: лаурилсульфат натрия, фталаты, пропилен гликоль, парабены, формальдегид. Yüklə 1,51 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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