Сборник материалов международной научной конференции студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов

О.С. Гарах, У.А. Ребковец

Республика Беларусь, Брест, БрГУ имени А.С. Пушкина

Научный руководитель – Л.М. Калилец

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY VEHICLE

Eco-friendly cars or “green” cars (from the English environmentally friendly vehicle, green vehicle) are cars that have less negative impact on the environment than conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines running on gasoline or diesel fuel.

There are different types of environmentally friendly vehicles such as electric, hybrid car, electromobility solar, natural gas, and others.

Electric car is a vehicle driven by one or more electric motors instead of internal combustion engine. Electric cars should be distinguished from a combustion engine and electric transmission and by trolleybuses. There are some subspecies of electric car such as electric vehicle (cargo vehicle to move in closed areas) and electric buses (bus with a battery pull).

Hybrid Vehicles is a highly economical car driven by a system of “motor – internal combustion engine” (the engine), fed as a fuel, and electric charge of the battery. The main advantage of a hybrid vehicle is reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This is achieved by full automatic control mode of propulsion systems using the onboard computer, from the early shutdown of the engine while stopped in traffic, with the ability to continue the movement without executing it solely on battery power, to more complex mechanism of recovery – the use of the motor as electric generator to replenish the battery charge.

Electric Solar

Typically for the production of solar cells silicon wafers are used with a rough surface which allows them to better capture the rays of sunlight falling on the battery at different angles. Despite the fact that the silicon wafer is widely used in modern microelectronics its cost is prohibitive for mass application and commercialization of solar.

Vehicles on natural gas

Gas equipment of the car is the fuel system of internal combustion engine modified to use them as fuel compressed natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas.

Car with a flexible choice of fuel can ride on both petrol and a mixture of gasoline and ethanol and in flexible proportions (from 5% to 95%). The car has a fuel tank; adaptability to the different composition of the fuel is achieved due to the original design of the engine or due to structural modification of the conventional gasoline internal combustion engine.

Transport on fuel cell

Hydrogen transports are various vehicles using hydrogen as a fuel. This can be craft as internal combustion engines or hydrogen fuel cell.

Compressed air car

Compressed air car is a car that uses compressed air to move. Pneumatic cars use a modified version of a conventional four-engine.

All major automakers are working on the creation of environmentally friendly vehicles – from Peugeot and Audi to Ferrari (Ferrari Model 599 Hybrid) and Rolls-Royce (model 102EX Phantom Experimental Electric). It is significant that even companies from China where there is little people care about the environment are beginning to invest huge amounts of money in the creation and development of lines of “green” cars. Today the key to the world’s major markets is not only quality and safety but also “environmental” of cars. Automakers are competing with each other as much as possible in an effort to save non-renewable energy resources and to minimize the negative impact on the environment. Now companies are moving from statements and experimental samples to the mass deployment of their developments.

“Alternative” automotive sector is growing slowly but in steady pace. The demand for ecological cars formed even before the current crisis and not waned despite the prolonged decline in oil prices. Today in the light of the fight against global warming and taking into account the implementation of plans to reduce dependence on traditional non-renewable energy resources governments in many countries through monetary and non-monetary instruments motivate their citizens to buy “green” cars. However while these cars are too expensive and cumbersome for everyday use because not yet created the necessary infrastructure (charging stations for biofuels and for quick battery recharging electric vehicles, service centers and so on).

In general, with regard to sales promotion of “green” cars there are three basic areas:

1. Initiative manufacturers and sellers

Such initiatives are to implement leasing programs (or just leasing a car, or the most expensive items - such as batteries or “home” stationary refueling / charging systems), assistance in the recovery of failed components (batteries, electric motors), providing free advice and technical support.

2. Initiative state (government, local authorities)

The state creates a “compensation package” which in turn can be divided into two parts – the monetary and non-monetary incentives. Monetary incentives include tax credits, grants (government bonus payments to buyers of hybrids or vehicles that use alternative fuels), exemption from tax when registering a new vehicle, as well as the toll. Non-monetary incentives include: free parking, free use of toll roads, free use of special zones (lanes for buses and special vehicles).

3. Initiative companies

Initiative companies are in financial support of employees who want to buy «green» car, as well as in the reorganization of the corporate fleet by replacing conventional cars on their “environmental” counterparts. For example Google provides corporate loan of $ 5,000 to all employees who have expressed a desire to buy a hybrid car including the very popular in the US Prius.

Currently existing “alternative” techniques are imperfect. “Green” cars do not always live up to their name, and in some cases they are even greater environment “pollutant” than conventional gasoline counterparts. After all for the production of the car (all components and assemblies) and “alternative” energy, through which it operates as a rule, it is necessary to use traditional technology / production chains and non-renewable energy resources.

1. 
   Green cars [Electronic resource]. – Mode of access: http://www.ucar. edu/learn/1_3_1.htm. – Date of access: 10.03.2015.
   
2. 
   Weingroff, M. Activity 20 Teacher Guide: Human Activity and Climate Change / M. Wengroff. – Ucar.edu., 2010. – 122 p.
   
3. 
   Doyle, A. Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean / A. Doyle. – Reuters, 2010. – 212 p.
   

В статье речь идёт об экологически чистых автомобилях, или «зеленых» автомобилях. Подобные виды транспорта имеют менее негативное воздействие на окружающую среду, чем обычные транспортные средства с двигателями внутреннего сгорания, работающими на бензине или дизельном топливе.