Сборник материалов международной научной конференции студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов

Л.Т. Черникова

Республика Беларусь, Минск, БГПУ имени М. Танка

Научный руководитель – А.А. Паплёвка

THE BIG BANG THEORY AS THE DOMINANT THEORY OF THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE

Nothing there did exist at first. There was neither substance nor energy and even empty space because space did not exist itself. There was no stream of time – the term “Time” was impossible to be determined.

The fireball appeared in the emptiness. It was less than an atom and _ times as hot as the solar core is. All things that led to the creation of the Universe, flew apart from the one dot one million times less than the pinhead. This process is called the Big Bang.

Many scientists consider that all the elements of stars and planets in the Universe appeared during the first few seconds after the Big Bang. Probably, this event determined the course of the following 13.7 billion years. This fireball caused the four main natural forces: gravitation, electromagnetic, poor and powerful core reaction. Those forces hold everything. The Universe would be just a shapeless cloud of emissions without them.

During the first few seconds those powers presented the whole part. Now they are known as “Superpower”. However, they have separated from each other and influence the world till now. Nuclear powers force the Sun to shine. Gravitation holds the Earth in the orbit and the electromagnetic radiation gives the light to it.

To know how the Universe widens, scientists use so powerful telescopes that they can see the past. Every time we look up in the sky we can see our history. It occurs due to the light which moves with the finite speed. The sunlight comes to us approximately in 8 minutes, so we cannot see the Sun as it actually is now. We can only see what it was 8 minutes ago. We can observe a lot of stars in the night sky located in 10–20 light years from us. So we see them how they were 10 or 20 years ago.

The Big Bang was so powerful and hot that the remains of this warmth still exist. At first this warmth was very a hot X-ray radiation. Later it straightened and cooled down transforming into the light we can see. Then the light transformed into microwaves and radio waves in the end. This poor radiation always shines on the Earth. Now it is called “Cosmic microwave background” or CMB. It looks like cinder which is left from the first shock wave that created the Universe. If our eyes could see the microwave radiation, we would see the Big Bang every time looking up in the sky.

Initially, planets and stars looked like a particle cloud. Gradually those particles connected under the influence of the force of gravitation and formed a dense mass. The Earth appeared as a cloud of particles which have united due to the friction and gravitation. The Sun appeared in the form of a cloud of gas and dust. Now it keeps life on the Earth.

In the first second after the Big Bang the Universe was filled in by the components of substance. All the things we have ever used consist of substance, and substance consists of atoms. And all components of atom appeared in that very second.

The way the substance appeared was a mystery for scientists till 1905 when Albert Einstein established the most known equation [E = mc²]. The Einstein’s equation says that the energy [E] and mass [m] are the form of the same effect. Substance and energy can transform into each other. Later this equation was used to create the most powerful kind of weapon – a nuclear bomb.

As the result of a nuclear explosion the components of substance ruin letting out a huge amount of energy at the same time. However, in the Big Bang everything appeared vice versa. A huge amount of energy transformed into substance.

The Einstein’s equation gives reasons to conclude that during the expansion and cooling of the early Universe the Big Bang’s energy transformed into the components of the substance we are made from.

Scientists faced with the puzzle of what was the original state of substance and how protons and neutrons that makes up the atoms in the Universe, emerged from it. To solve this puzzle something special that could recreate the conditions of the Big Bang was needed. This was only possible in a particle accelerator because the temperature inside the star can be measured in dozens of millions degrees, and the big bang is measured in trillions of trillions degrees. Bringing in contact protons with protons may result in the temperature that has never existed since the birth of the Universe.

An attempt to do this was absolute in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. It looks like a ring with the height of 4 kilometers where gold atoms collide with each other with the light speed. This collision possesses huge energy. There is enough energy to destroy protons and neutrons. Integral parts of substance which are the tiny elements called quarks were discovered by the scientists inside. They expected that during the collision of gold atoms, gas would be received. Instead, something similar to liquid appeared then.

When substance appeared in the Universe, quarks were so dense and had so much energy that all the Universe looked like liquid. In flash the Universe turned into the liquid of quarks from a shiny ball of energy. The liquid Universe was hot, dense and rapid. It was full of tiny particles which were staying in the constant and intensive interaction.

The next question the scientists faced was: what gives mass to all the objects in the Universe? Due to mass it is very hard to move or stop an item. During the first second after the Big Bang something that gives mass to particles has, appeared. But the scientists do not know what it is.

Mass is the foundation of life. Without it the Universe would entirely consist of radiation, and particles would not be able to connect or to create objects.

In 1964 the physicist Peter Higgs worked out a theory. He suggested that during the first second an invisible force field which gives mass to particles, spread across the Universe. Later it was called “The Higgs field”. The particles gain mass during the interaction with it.

When particles get in the field, they gain mass. The bigger connection to the field the bigger mass they gain. Scientists think that the Higgs field spreads through the use of its own special element – the Higgs boson.

To detect this boson the big Hadron Collider was built. It has four huge detectors. Atlas is the detector that discovered the Higgs boson. Its height is 46 meters and the weight is about 7 thousand tons.

When protons collide, a powerful blast occurs there. And just in a split second substance turns into the state it was exactly after the Big Bang. After the blast a cloud of elementary particles (such as quarks) appears. And the Higgs boson was discovered exactly among these fragments.

The information above can confirm the fact that the Big Bang Theory is the dominant theory of the creation of the Universe. This fact, in its turn, allows us to understand the essence of everything existing now and to approach the discovery of its secrets.

1. 
   Evans, L. The Large Hadron Collider: a marvel of technology / L. Evans. – Switzerland : EPFL Press, 2009. – 251 p.
   
2. 
   Carroll, S. The particle at the end of the universe: the hunt for the Higgs and the discovery of a new world / S. Carroll. – UK : Oneworld Press, 2012. – 341 p.
   
3. 
   Chalmers, M. Large Hadron Collider: The big reboot / Nature. – 2014. – Vol. 514. – P. 158–160.
   

В статье рассматривается концепция теории большого взрыва как господствующей теории о создании Вселенной, а также последующий путь ее развития. Значительное внимание уделяется открытиям в области физики и техники. Показана взаимосвязь ядерной физики с оптикой, электродинамикой, релятивистской механикой и другими разделами физики. Объясняется процесс возникновения материи и массы, ее производной как основы Мироздания.