Sınavlar Hakkında Genel Bilgi
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| taşımamaktadır, zira bu anlamı taşıyor olsa kapının kilitli olduğunu bile bile kapıya gitme söz konusu olacaktır.
* Kapının kilitli olduğunu keşfetmek için kapıya koştum. Bu yapının gerçek karşılığı ... to discover = and I discovered yaklaşımı ile Kapıya koştum ve kilitli olduğunu farkettim şeklinde olacaktır. I woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.
She turned the corner, to find the car gone.
The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.
4.12. yüklem + to + yüklem Aslında yüklem + and + yüklem şeklinde kullanılabilecek bir yapıdır ve uzunca bir süreye bağlı bir sonucu ifade eder. She lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.)
The show went on to become a great success.
5. Ving 5.1. Same time (= When) Returning to the village, I met an old friend.
(On/Upon) receiving the letter, you should reply immediately.
When I returned to the village I met an old friend. (= Returning to the village I met an old friend.) ..... us that the flat was in perfect condition, the estate agent asked us if we would like to see the flat. A. Tell
The applicants, ..... for the interview all morning, looked very bored when they were finally allowed in. A. being waited
5.2. Time after (= When / After) Having + V3 ya da -ing yapısı ile oluşturulur. Having completed his study he submitted it to the committee. (= After he had completed ...)
5.3. (By) + Ving Bu yapı zaman belirtmesinin yanısıra neden de (= reason) belirtebilir. By taking advantage of the darkness, he escaped.
5.4. ..., Ving He rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants. (= When he was rising to his feet, he spilt coffee on his pants.)
6. PAST PARTICIPLE (= V3) Çok önemli özellikler:
(When it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing.
CONDITION CLAUSE 1. IF
1.1. First condition Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi mümkün olasılık anlatır.
If nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world population will have doubled by the year 2005.
DEVRİK YAPI Should you see her, give her the message.
If you ..... to a doctor straight away as I advise, you ..... a great deal of discomfort. A. would go/would have been spared B. have gone/were spared C. had gone/would have been spared D. were going/have been spared E. go/will have been spared If ile başlayan bölüm (= yan tümce) ile ilgili önemli bir not:
1.2. Second Condition Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi pek mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.
If you were a man, I'd slap you here and now.
DEVRİK YAPI Were you a man, I'd slap you here and now.
A. are
C. were D. had been E. should be Was yerine were kullanımı önem taşır:
Kim: I urgently need an envelope for this card. Tom: Do you mind if I go and buy you one? Kim: ..... Tom: I'll be back in a minute. A. Yes, and buy a pen as well, please. B. Yes, this would be lovely. C. No, not at all; most appreciated. D. I'd better have an envelope immediately. E. Actually, what I need is that one. Progressive / Continuous kullanıma dikkat:
She must be earning a lot. Otherwise, she ..... such a luxurious life. A. couldn't have led B. hasn't been leading C. isn't leading D. wasn't leading E. wouldn't be leading 1.3. Third Condition Geçmişe ait ve gerçekleşmesi artık mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.
If he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1]
If you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2]
I could have helped him if I could have swum. [3]
DEVRİK YAPI Had he been more careful, he could have won.
If I ..... you were coming I ..... you a lift. A. knew/can give
1.4. If + should Az gerçekleşme olasılığı gösterir. If you should see him, let me know.
1.5. If + happen to If + should yapısı ile aynı anlamdadır. 1.6. If + were to Were to yapısı gelecekte gerçekleşme olasılığı az bir olayı anlatmada kullanılabilir. What would you do if a war were to break out ?
Were to yapısı zorlayıcı bir öneri ifade edebilir. If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.
If Turkey ..... to withdraw from the NATO alliance, certainly it ..... a global crisis. A. had/will cause
1.7. If it weren't for Bu yapı olayın bir başka olayı değiştirdiğini / etkilediğini göstermede "olmasa" anlamında kullanılır. If it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss.
1.8. If it hadn't been for If it weren't for yapısının geçmiş zaman halidir. If it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison.
1.9. But for If it hadn't been for yapısı ile aynı anlamı taşır. But for you, I could have given up long ago.
1.10. If only (= I wish ...) A) If only + Past tense If only I had more money, I could buy a drink.
If only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have been all right.
B) If only + would / could Bu yapı istek / amaç belirtir. If only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect guest.
If only he wouldn't snore !
If only we ..... more money on us, we wouldn't have got so embarrassed at the supermarket. A. had taken
If only you ..... in my affairs that much! I really don't want to offend you. A. don't interfere
2. AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS
She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.
You can leave the room ..... you promise to tidy your things. A. unless B. as long as C. although D. however E. before 3. ASSUMING, PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING
Assuming that the journey is likely to take a full day, we may except him any minute.
You can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive carefully.
You can use my computer ..... you are careful with it. A. as much as
4. IN CASE
Buy another bottle of vodka in case more people come.
We should have the car checked before we set out for our holiday ..... something goes wrong. A. although
Bu yapı in (the) case of + ad/Ving ( ... "durumunda") şeklinde de kullanılabilir. In case of a fire, use the side doors.
In case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands.
Just in case kullanımı ise "ne olur ne olmaz" anlamını yansıtır. "Why do you always carry that umbrella ?" "Just in case." 5. IN THE EVENT THAT, JUST SO (THAT), ON CONDITION (THAT)
In the event that the police ask you your address, you are not legally bound to give it.
6. UNLESS
I'll quit unless I'm given a pay rise.
This boy of yours will be very spoilt ..... you stop treating him as if he were a baby. A. as though
7. GIVEN
Given that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true.
Given yapısı "rağmen" anlamını taşıyan tümce (Concession Clause) olarak da kullanılabilir. 8. WISH
Dilek belirten bir yapı olarak I wish / He wishes / .. çeşitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanılabilir. Bu zamanın seçimi elbette tümcenin oluşturulduğu duruma bağlıdır. (Simple Present) I'm not rich. I wish I was/were rich. I don't earn a lot. I wish I earned a lot. She talks a lot. I wish she didn't talk a lot. (Present Continuous) It's raining. I wish it wasn't/weren't rainining. She is studying. I wish she wasn't/weren't studying. (Simple Past) She didn't come. I wish she had come. (Present Perfect) He has lost it. He wishes he hadn't lost it. (Will) You will always complain! I wish you wouldn't complain. He will sing all the time! I wish he wouldn't sing.
I wish they ..... to the party with us tomorrow. A. can come B. com C. could come D. had come E. would have come I wish nobody ..... of hunger in our present day. A. is dying
Bu yapılar Türkçeye "keşke" olarak aktarılabilir. PLACE CLAUSE 1. WHERE
Where I come from, this is called injustice.
2. WHEREVER
They went wherever they expected to find work.
CONCESSION CLAUSE 1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR 1.1. Although / Though yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın; -DIğI halde Although he is young, he is not inexperienced.
Devrik yapı ile de kullanılabilir. Careful though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident. (=Although she was ...)
Although ve though farkı:
1.2. Even if / Even though Türkçeye çevirisi although ile aynıdır. Even if "-sE bile" olarak aktarılabilir. He borrowed my jacket even though I'd told him not to.
You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.
1.3. Whereas Türkçeye although gibi ya da "... ise de", "... iken" ile aktarılır. Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.
1.4. While / Whilst Türkçeye although gibi aktarılır. While he is quite nice, sometimes he is a menace.
1.5. Despite / In spite of / Regardless of / Notwithstanding / Irrespective of + the fact that Türkçeye "...( gerçeğin)e karşın / rağmen" ile aktarılırlar. Despite the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace. (=Although he is ...) 1.6. As
Devrik yapı durumunda "rağmen" anlamı taşıyabilir. Tired as I was, I went on walking. (=Although I was tired ...)
Change your mind as you will, you will gain no support. (=Although you may change ...)
Bu yapı Reason veya Similarity Clause olarak da kullanılabilir. As sözcüğü yerine that kullanıldığı da görülür. Fool that he was, he made no mistakes.
1.7. As ... as Bu yapı ender olarak kullanılır. As widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this part of the country. (=Although his fame may be widespread, ...)
2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR 2.1. Despite/In spite of
He came in spite of his illness. [1] / being ill. [2]
He still chooses to play with his plastic toy gun despite the many electric toys he has. A. Although he has many electric toys, he prefers to play with his plactic toy gun.
2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding
Regardless of whatever he may say, do it as you please.
2.3. ..., still / yet
He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1] / he never gave in. [2]
3. Given (that) Yerine göre koşul anlamı da verebilen bu yapı pek sık kullanılmamaktadır. Given her charm, she is alone. / Given that she has charm, she is alone.
4. For all For all his efforts, he failed.
Aşağıdaki farklı kullanıma dikkat:
CONTRAST CLAUSE Dilbilgisi kitaplarında ayrı bir başlık altında yer alsa da yapı olarak Concession Clause ile aynıdır. Whereas, while, whilst ile oluşturulur ve Türkçeye en basit olarak "oysa" sözcüğü ile aktarılır. REASON CLAUSE 1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR 1.1. Because, As, For, Since Türkçeye "yüklem + -I için / -IndEn ötürü / dolayı", "yüklem + -mEsI nedeniyle / sebebiyle" şeklinde aktarılırlar. Because he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday.
As sözcüğü devrik yapıda kullanılarak da Reason Clause oluşturabilir. Aynı yapı Concession Clause için de geçerli olduğu için hangi anlamın çıkarılması gerektiğine dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Tired as she was, she went on walking. [Concession] Tired as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]
..... the prices are very high, I have to find a second job to make ends meet. A. Even though
I reckon he'll be a great asset to the firm, ..... he really does have a good eye for business. A. although
1.2. Because of / Due to / Owing to / On account of + the fact that Türkçeye "[gerçeği(nden)] ötürü / yüzünden / sayesinde" şeklinde aktarılırlar. Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able to speak comfortably in his presence.
..... a heavy rain, the game had to be stopped. A. Because
1.3. As long as
As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.
1.4. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as Because anlamı taşıyan bu yapılar resmi durumlarda kullanılır. Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.( ..., because he knew ...)
1.5. In that
The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal ways.
1.6. Now that Time Clause yapılarda ele alınan Now that ile aynı anlamı taşır. 1.7. (The reason) why
The reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know the rules.
She won't tell me the reason ..... she is leaving me! A. how
1.8. While
While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?
2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR 2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of
Because of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1]
Owing to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was prevented. [2]
2.2. Ving ..., Önemli bir özellik:
In any election campaign, we see that all the candidates promise to bring all essential facilities to the area, ...... A. bearing in mind the fact that it has a potential vote population B. in that they were quite successful in bringing service C. that has always been neglected by local politicians D. which actually needed almost nothing other than a sewage system E. whose political career depends on the leading party's policies Seeing that it was likely to rain, he stayed in. (=Because / When he saw ...)
Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift. (=Because she knew ...)
Having completed the task, they had a break. (=Because / After they had completed ...)
2.3. Past participle (= V3) Önemli özellikler:
Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the earthquake. (=Because it was constructed ...)
2.4. With
With the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1]
With so many children to support, they both have to work. [2]
2.5. What with Yukarıda ele alınan With yapısı ile aynıdır. PURPOSE CLAUSE 1. (In order) to, so as to
To open the lid, turn it left.
They left the door open in order for me to hear what they were talking about.
She has to hurry in order not to be late.
So as to yapısının aşağıdaki örnekte görülen kullanımına sık rastlanmaktadır. He never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.
He has been studying ..... fail again. A. to
2. In order that
The school closes early in order that the children can get home before dark.
3. For fear that
They left early for fear that they'd miss the train.
4. Lest Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan tümcelerde kullanılır.
They checked the list again lest they should leave something behind.
RESULT CLAUSE 1. So (that), Such that
We announced the test results immediately so that those who failed wouldn't have to wait.
They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, such that even the most inexperienced would be able to inform the candidates of the requirements for application.
Çok önemli bir özellik:
2. Thereby
Because he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at top speed, thereby deserving three different traffic tickets.
SIMILARITY CLAUSE 1. (Just) as
She is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1]
In autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2]
Bu yapı resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan anlatımlarda devrik yapı (= inversion) kullanılarak oluşturulabilir. He was Catholic, as were most of his friends.
He believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the institution he worked for.
..... it was expected, Peter won the game. A. The same B. As C. Likewise D. Similar E. Contrary Dikkat edilmesi gereken kullanımlar:
I had never had ..... terrible time ..... I had in that seaside hotel. A. as / than B. so / that C. more / that D. such / as E. the most / as 2. Like
My sister isn't much like me.
Many tropical climate animals are facing the danger of extinction, ..... the panda. A. as
I gave her a ring ..... a birthday present. A. like
C. as if D. such as E. that 3. As if, as though
You look as if you are about to cry.
We know that it may be wrong to treat a child as if he ..... an adult. A. had been
As soon as I entered the room, I noticed that it looked ..... it hadn't been lived in for a very long time. A. although
EXCEPTION CLAUSE 1. But (that) Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan anlatımlarda kullanılır.
Nothing would stop them but that the President (should) make a speech. [1]
Nothing would stop them but for the President to make a speech. [2]
2. Except (that), excepting (that)
We would most happily help you, except we are in need of cash.
3. Save that
The company has lost almost all its possessions, save that they still hold a small share in a vast piece of land.
4. Only Günlük konuşma dilinde kullanılır.
I'd love to come, only I have no time.
COMMENT CLAUSE 1. Tanım Tümce içinde paranteze alınmış bir fikir, yorum, yargı görevi üstlenen ifadelerdir. Tümce içinde altı değişik yapıda kullanılabilirler. 2. Tümce olarak There were no applicants, I believe, for that job. En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır.
3. As + tümce Türkçeye "yüklem + -DIğI gibi/kadarı ile" şeklinde aktarılabilir. I'm working overtime, as you know. En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
4. What ... Türkçeye " ... olan şey/olan yan(ı)" ile aktarılabilir. What was more upsetting, we lost our luggage. En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
5. To + yüklem Türkçeye "-cası, ... olmak gerekirse, ... olur ise" ile aktarılabilir. To be fair, I lost the money. En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
6. -ing Türkçeye "yüklem + -Er/Ir ise" ile aktarılabilir. I doubt, speaking as a layman, that his views are our salvage. En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
7. Past participle (= V3) Türkçeye "yüklem + -Il/-In .. ise" (= Edilgen) ile aktarılır. Stated plainly, he has no chances of winning. En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
VERBLESS CLAUSE Bu tür tümceler İngilizcede fazla kullanılmaz ve çeviri ya da sınavlar açısından önemli bir sorun oluşturmaz. He waited, anxious for a reply. (= he was anxious for a reply)
She was standing, a statue of innocence. (= she was like a statue of innocence)
Yüklem taşımayan yan tümce ayrı bir tümce gibi ele alınmalıdır. Çeviri işleminin de buna göre yapılması gerekir. DİĞER YAPILAR 1. TANIM: A(N) VE THE Article birkaç noktada çeviri işlemlerinde ve sınavlarda sorun haline gelmektedir. A(n) (= Indefinite article) ve the (= Definite article) adlarla birlikte kullanılırlar. Bu iki sözcüğün nasıl ve ne durumlarda kullanıldıklarına geçmeden önce, ad yapılarını incelemek yararlı olabilir. 2. SAYILABİLİR VE SAYILAMAYAN AD Ad, sayılabilen ve sayılamayan olarak sınıflandırılabilir: Sayılabilen (= countable) ad a) Tekil (= singular) cat, leaf, man, person, iron (= ütü) b) Çoğul (= plural) cats, leaves, men, people/persons, irons Sayılamayan (= uncountable) ad a) Somut (= concrete) water, oil, sugar, iron (= demir) b) Soyut (=abstract) happiness, wealth, boredom 3. KULLANIM ALANLARI A(n) sadece sayılabilen tekil adlar ile kullanılır. Kendisini takip eden ad sesli bir harf (a, e, i, o, u) ile söylenerek (yazılarak değil) başlarsa, an kullanılır. an apple, an eagle, an iron, an orange, an umbrella fakat a university student (u harfi "yu" olarak telaffuz edilmekte) an hour
(sessiz olan h harfi telaffuz edilmemekte; {h}our) The bütün adlarla birlikte kullanılabilir. Bir adın her zaman bir article alması gerekli ya da olanaklı değildir. 4. A(N) : KULLANILDIĞI YERLER Önemli kullanım özellikleri:
4.1. Bilinmeyen ve önceden belirginleştirilmemiş Herhangi biri, hangisi olduğu farketmez I have never seen an elephant.
We are looking for a person to help us in the home.
Sözü edilen şeyin, ait olduğu sınıfın/türün herhangi bir üyesi olması A screwdriver is a tool.
Bu kullanımda çoğul ad da mümkündür. Screwdrivers are tools. Genel nesneler yerine belirginleştirilmiş nesneler kullanılması durumunda çoğul ad kullanmak gerekir. Cars are parked at owners' risk. (Cars = Buraya parkedilen belirgin arabalar)
Tereddüte düşülmesi durumunda en iyisi çoğul ad kullanmaktır. ... de/başına 60 miles an hour Three times a week Ten pence a kilo 4.2. Bilinen fakat önceden belirginleştirilmemiş
I have found a good job at last.
She is a very old friend of mine.
A Mr Nash called to speak to you. (= Someone named Mr Nash ...)
Bir tür/örnek We have a good climate.
What a strange man he is !
I have never heard such a thing !
Meslek I am a teacher by profession.
To be a good MP, you must be a good speaker.
5. THE - KULLANILDIĞI YERLER 5.1. the + az önce/daha önce sözü geçmiş olan "I've got an orange and some apples. Who wants the orange ?" "You have the orange and I'll have the apples."
5.2. the + belirginleştirilmiş ad The dogs in our street are very noisy.
The Englishmen we met at the party knew a little Turkish.
5.3. the + eserde sözü geçen kişi(ler)/nesne(ler) The Elephant and the Mouse The Longest Day The Mousetrap 5.4. the + tek olan şey They toured the world together.
The earth goes round the sun.
She lives in the United States now.
5.5. the + superlative the best/most recent/latest project 5.6. the + ordinal sayı the first/last/next race 5.7. the + hayali bir türün/sınıfın temsilcisi olan tekil ad The Panda is in danger of extinction.
The computer has replaced the typewriter in the office.
5.8. the + sıfat = o sıfat ile nitelenen grubun tümü The young do not listen to the old. (= Young people do not listen to old people.)
Tekil kişiler için sıfat + person/man/.. kullanmak gerekir. a / the young person / man / woman / .. Farklı bir kullanım
5.9. the + yer adı = o yerin amacına uygun bir eyleme katılınmaması She went to the prison ( mahkum olarak değil)
I would like to live near the sea.
5.10. the + yer = içinde bulunulan durumdan ötürü tanımlanabilen yer Her insanın kendisine ait bir çevresi olduğu ve o kişinin o çevreye ait herşeyi tanımlayabileceği düşünülürse, o çevreye yakın olan bir kimse (akraba, arkadaş, aynı şehirli gibi) açısından da o çevre tanımlanabilir özelliktedir. I must go to the bank tümcesindeki the bank, konuşanı tanıyan bir kimse açısından belirgin bir bankayı niteler. There is funny animal in the garden.
5.11. the + otel / tiyatro / sinema/.. adı the Hilton the Akün Ayrıca
the theatre / cinema / opera / concert 5.12. the + çoğul yer adı the Netherlands the Azores the United States the Alps
5.13. the + sayılabilir bir ad içeren yer adları
Yer darlığından ötürü haritalarda the genelde kullanılmaz. 5.14. the + milliyet belirten sıfat the British the English the Spanish Bazı milliyetlerden söz ederken, çoğul ad kullanılır. (the) Russians / Arabs / Turks / Scots / .. 5.15. the + bilim ve teknoloji ile ilgili sözcük I hate the telephone.
5.16. the + müzik aleti I'd like to learn the guitar.
Caz ve pop terminolojisinde genellikle the kullanılmaz. 5.17. the + gazete adı the Times Dergi adları genelde the almaz. Times (Magazine), Scala 5.18. the + A of B (A ve B birer ad) the University of Oxford 5.19. the + gemi adı The Queen Mary 5.20. the + space = bir alanda boş yer He tried to park his car but the space was not big enough.
The kullanılmazsa space sözcüğü "uzay" anlamı taşır. 5.21. all the / the whole a) all
all the time all my life all this confusion all + çoğul ad ( every anlamında) All Indian tribes were killed off. (Her bir ... .) b) whole
the whole life my whole life this whole confusion whole + çoğul ad (complete, entire anlamında) Whole Indian tribes were killed killed off. (= kimse sağ kalmadı) the whole of + my/yourthe/this/that/. + tekil ad the whole of the time the whole of my life the whole of this confusion 6. THE - KULLANILMADIĞI YERLER 6.1. A + B (A ve B birer ad) Oxford University London Bridge Turkish Republic Atatürk Airport Bu yer adlarında the kullanılmamasının bir diğer nedeni de birer bölge ya da kişi adı taşımalarıdır. 6.2. türü / sınıfı temsil eden çoğul / sayılamayan ad Pandas are in danger of extinction.
Sugar is bad for you.
Money can bring happiness.
6.3. yerin amacına yönelik eyleme katılma durumu He was sent to prison for 2 years ( mahkum olarak).
He is a fisherman. He spends his time at sea.
6.4. ordinal sayı + yarışmada durum belirten ad / ödül She won first prize for her essay.
The Irish contestant was in second place.
6.5. ünvan (+ kişinin soyadı) I want to see the Captain, but Captain Smith.
Hello, Captain. 6.6. kıta, tekil ülke / şehir adı Asia, Africa, South America, Great Britain, New York, Germany 6.7. tek dağ ve ada adı Mount Everest Cyprus, Long Island 6.8. göl adı Lake Erie 6.9. preposition + ad on time, for example, in turn, in harmony, at night. Fakat in the morning / afternoon / evening ve in/during/before/.. + (the) + autumn/spring/summer/winter 6.10. yüklem + ad Artık birer terim haline gelmiş bazı yapılarda the kullanılmamaktadır. yüklem + sayılabilir ad to take place yüklem + çoğul ad to make friends to shake hands yüklem + sayılamayan ad to make progress to make love Yüklə 3,22 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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