Study on the vegetative propagation of guava (Psidium guajava L.) Through air and stool layering” Mr

ABSTRACT

The present experiment entitled “STANDARDIZATION OF PRUNING AND PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE IN ARABIAN JASMINE (Jasminum sambac)”was carried out during November 2012 to June 2013at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari district of A.P.The present investigation was taken up in three experiments i.e.,

i) Effect of pruning date and intensity of pruning on growth and flowering of

Jasminum sambac genotypes.

ii) Effect of defoliating chemicals (chemical defoliation) on growth and flower

yield of Jasminum sambac.

iii) Effect of auxin concentration and number of nodes on rooting and per cent

establishment of Jasminum sambac cv. “Double Mogra”.

The experiment (i) was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with 36 treatment combinations, comprising of three genotypes (main treatments)viz., Nityamalli (T₁), Tuppamalli (T₂) and Starmalli (T₃) at three different pruning dates (sub treatments)viz., pruning in November 10^th of 2012 (ST₁), December 10^th of 2012 (ST₂), January 10^th of 2013 (ST₃) and four levels of pruning heights(sub - sub treatments) viz., 25 cm from ground level (SST₁), 50 cm from ground level (SST₂), 75 cm from ground level (SST₃) and un pruned bushes (SST₄). The experiment (ii) was laid out in Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with16 treatment combinations Three genotypes or local varieties of Jasminum sambac Nityamalli (T₁), Tuppamalli (T₂) and Starmalli (T₃) with 16 chemical concentrations viz., manual defoliation, paraquat dichloride (500ppm, 1000ppm, 1500ppm, 2000ppm and 2500ppm), sodium chloride ( 1000ppm, 2000 ppm, 3000 ppm and 4000 ppm),potassium nitrate (1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 %)and control (water spray).The experiment (iii) was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with 16 treatments viz., Factor 1: number of nodes T₁: 1^st node, T₂: 2^nd node, T₃: 3^rd node and T₄: 4^th node. Factor 2: chemical concentrations (IBA) C₁: 1000 ppm, C₂: 2000 ppm, C₃: 3000 ppm and C₄: control.

Among the genotypes, Nityamalli pruned in December’12 at 50 cm height from ground level has exhibited the highest the number of laterals per primary shoot, productive shoots per plant, leaves per primary shoot, leaf area per shoot, number of petals per flower, flower bud diameter, weight of flower buds/plant (g), weight of flower bud/m² plot (kg) and weight of flower bud/hectare (tonnes). Whereas the trait, days to flower bud development was recorded minimum in Nityamalli pruned in January’13 at 75 cm height from ground level. The duration of flowering was more in Nityamalli pruned in November’12 at 50 cm height from ground level.

The traits viz., longer primary shoot length, shoot thickness and weight of 50 flower buds were found to be elite in Tuppamalli pruned in December’12 at 50 cm height from ground level. Maximum flower bud length was recorded in Tuppamalli pruned in January’13 at 25 cm height from ground level. Characters viz., inter nodal length and days to first flower bud initiation after pruning was recorded minimum in Starmalli pruned in January’13 at 75 cm height from ground level. Among all the interaction treatments, Nityamalli pruned in December’12 at 50 cm height from ground level was found to be elite for maximum characters.

In experiment (ii) the traits viz., weight of defoliated leaves and total arial biomass per plant was recorded high in Tuppamalli sprayed with 1000 ppm Paraquat dichloride. The days taken for complete defoliation was recorded minimum in the genotype Starmalli sprayed with 2500 ppm paraquat dichloride. The days taken for new leaf emergence after chemical defoliation was recorded minimum in the genotype Nityamalli sprayed with 2000 ppm paraquat dichloride. The highest flower yield per plant was obtained in the genotype Nityamalli sprayed with 1000ppm Paraquat dichloride. Hence, the treatment Paraquat dichloride @1000ppm would be recommended to the farmers.

In experiment (iii) the 3^rd node cuttings treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm exhibited significant increase in rooting percentage, root length, root number, root fresh weight, maximum sprout diameter, fresh and dry weight of rooted cuttings. The traits viz., number of days taken for sprouting and propagation cycle was recorded minimum in 3^rd node cuttings treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm. Whereas 4^th node cutting treated with 2000 ppm of IBA and 3^rd node cutting treated with 3000 ppm of IBA has obtained more number of sprouts and maximum number of leaves per cutting. Among all the treatment combinations, 3^rd node cutting treated with IBA @ 2000 ppm has shown best results regarding maximum traits.

164) “Seedling vigour studies in cashewnut (Anacardium occidentale L.)” – Prashikhan Reang.

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted on “SEEDLING VIGOUR STUDIES IN CASHEWNUT (Anacardium occidentale L.)” during October 2012 to April 2013 at College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The study was conducted under two experiments namely the “Effect of pre-sowing seednut treatments on germination and seedling vigour of cashewnut under different environments” and “Effect of bio-fertilizers treatment on germination and seedling vigour of cashewnut under different environments.” Both the experiments were laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design with factorial concept under open and mist condition. Poly bags of 25 x 15 cm are used with potting mixture of 1:2:1 ratio of red soil, well rotted FYM and fine sand. The recommended package of nursery practices was followed in maintaining the experiments.

In the present study, pre-sowing treatment of cashewnut seed for 48 hrs water soaking + 100 ppm GA 3 (C 7 ) proved to be superior with regard to all the germination and seedling vigour characters studied during the experiment period. In bio-fertilizers study, best treatment from 1 st experiment (C 7 ) + VAM (C 6 ) proved to be superior with regard to all the germination and seedling vigour characters studied during the experiment period.

The results of the present investigation revealed that among the different traits, the maximun seedling height, number of leaves, internodal length, seedling girth, dry matter percentage of shoot and shoot to root ratio was recorded with the seed treatment of 48 hrs water soaking + 100 ppm GA 3 (C 7 ) . Similarly minimum days for germination, maximum rate of germination and germination percentage were recorded with seed treatment of 48 hrs water soaking + 100 ppm GA 3 (C 7 ). However maximum dry matter percentage of root was recorded with 48 hrs water soaking + 100 ppm IBA treatment (C 9 ).

In bio-fertilizers study minimum days for germination, maximum rate of germination and percentage of germination and maximum number of leaves, internodal length, seedling height, seedling girth, dry matter percentage of shoot, dry matter percentage of root and shoot to root ratio was recorded with best treatment from 1 st experiment (C 7 ) + VAM (C 6 ).

Between the conditions studied, seedling under mist house recorded superior with regard to all the germination and seedling vigour characters as compared to the seedling under open condition.

Among the varietal studies BPP-8 (V 2 ) found to be superior with regard to all the germination and seedling vigour characters studied during the experiment period.

Among the different interaction studies in experiment-I, condition x varieties, the combination of mist condition with variety BPP-8 (A 1 V 2 ); among condition x treatments, the combination of mist condition with 48 hrs water soaking + 100 ppm GA 3 (A 1 C 7 ); among the varieties x treatments, BPP-8 with 48 hrs water soaking + 100 ppm GA 3 (V 2 C 7 ); among the three interaction studies mist condition x variety, BPP-8 with 48 hrs water soaking +100 ppm GA 3 (A 1 V 2 C 7 ); proved to be superior with regard to all the germination and seedling vigour characters studied during the experiment period.

Among the different interaction studies in experiment-II, condition x varieties, the combination of mist condition with variety BPP-8 (A 1 V 2 ); among condition x treatments, the combination of mist condition with best treatment from 1 st experiment (C 7 ) + VAM (A 1 C 6 ); among the varieties x treatments, BPP-8 with best treatment from 1 st experiment (C 7 ) + VAM (V 2 C 6 ); among the three interaction studies mist condition x variety, BPP-8 with best treatment from 1 st experiment (C 7 ) + VAM (A 1 V 2 C 6 ); proved to be superior with regard to all the germination and seedling vigour characters studied during the experiment period.

165) “ E f f e c t of time and propagation structure on success of veneer grafting in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Banganpalli under southern zone of Andhra Pradesh”- B. Venkata Sivudu.

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of time of grafting and propagation structures on success of veneer grafting in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Banganpalli under southern zone of Andhra Pradesh during the period from July, 2012 - April, 2013. Time of grafting was taken on 15th of every month from July to January. Whereas the effect of propagation structures viz., open condition, 50% shade net, 75% shade net, naturally ventilated polyhouse and partial shade under coconut trees on success of veneer grafting was studied at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Anantharajupet, Y.S.R. district of Andhra Pradesh.

A comprehensive study of results revealed that grafts prepared on 15th July were found to take minimum time (11.09 days) for sprouting and recorded maximum percentage (81.11%) of sprouted grafts, higher number of leaves (19.55), maximum leaf area (398.26 cm2) and also in respect of sprout growth (6.34 cm), height of graft (18.67 cm), number of nodes on scion (22.08) and number of growth flushes (1.96) per graft closely followed by the grafts prepared on 15th August and 15th January. However, minimum graft diameter (1.02 cm) was recorded by the grafting on 15^th August. Among propagation structures the highest graft survival (67.18%) was recorded under naturally ventilated polyhouse which supported greater vigour of scion sprouts as evident from the data obtained on number of growth flushes (1.77) followed by open condition (1.75) and shade net 50% (1.74). Naturally ventilated polyhouse recorded maximum number of nodes (22.61) which was significantly superior over all other shade conditions. It has double advantage of earliest sprouting of more number of grafts and survival till the end of study period. Among the interactions, grafts prepared in the month of July under naturally ventilated polyhouse were found to record the highest survival percentage (88.25 %) followed by those under shade net 50% (85.44 %). The next superior values were found to be recorded by the grafts prepared during August under naturally ventilated polyhouse with survival percentage (85.55 %) followed by the grafts preparing during January under the same conditions (80.90 %).
It can be concluded from the present study that the warm conditions and growing temperatures in the months July under naturally ventilated polyhouse and shade net 50% followed by the grafts prepared during August and January under naturally ventilated polyhouse conditions found to favour survival percentage of veneer grafts in mango cv. Banganpalli under Anantharajupeta conditions.
166) E v a l u ation of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.var. grossum Sendt.) varieties and hybrids for yield and quality traits under shade net.- G.Narayana Swamy.

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to evaluate different capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.var. grossum Sendt.) varieties and hybrids for growth, reproductive, yield and quality traits under 50 % shade net during the period from September, 2012-March, 2013 at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Anantharajupet, Y.S.R. district of Andhra Pradesh.
The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications and eight treatments (4 varieties and 4 hybrids) viz., T1-Arka Basant, T2-Arka Gaurav, T3-Arka Mohini, T4-Royal Wonder, T5-Angel, T6-Indra, T7-Inspiration and T8-NS-280 under 50 % green shade net house of 250 m2. The spacing adopted was 45 cm × 30 cm.

The results on growth parameters revealed that maximum plant height (130.17 cm and 126.63 cm) and more number of leaves plant-1 (121.00 and 117.48) at 120 DAT were observed in the hybrid, Indra and in the variety, Arka Basant, respectively. The number of primary and secondary branches plant-1 were more in the hybrid, Indra (5.93 and 5.34) and in the variety, Royal Wonder (2.85 and 2.55), respectively.

The data on reproductive parameters indicated that number of days taken for flower initiation was significantly lower in the hybrid, Indra (36.28 days) and in the variety, Royal Wonder (36.87 days) which is an indication of earliness. In addition to earliness to flowering, the variety, Royal Wonder and the hybrid, Indra were identified as early maturing types as they took least number of days for 50 % plants to flower (40.66 and 41.00). Time taken for first fruit picking was observed least in the hybrid, Indra (76.14 days) and in the variety, Royal Wonder (78.29 days). The hybrid, Indra and the variety, Royal Wonder produced maximum number of flowers plant-1 (39.28 and 35.57, respectively).
With regard to fruit characteristics, higher fruit length (10.42 cm and 8.97 cm), fruit width (8.03 cm and 7.98 cm), fruit volume (313.36 cc and 310.66 cc), fruit wall thickness (1.05 cm and 0.98 cm) and number of locules per fruit (4.00 and 3.87) were recorded in the hybrids, Indra and NS-280, respectively. The hybrid, Inspiration showed maximum pedicel length (5.53 cm), whereas the hybrid, Angel recorded maximum inner fruit diameter (6.83 cm). The hybrid, NS-280 and the variety, Royal Wonder contained more number of seeds per fruit (201.00 and 188.33) and highest dry seed weight per fruit (1.42 g and 1.18 g), respectively. Thousand dry seed weight was more in the hybrid, NS- 280 (7.10 g) and in the variety, Arka Mohini (6.70 g).
The hybrids, Indra and NS-280 produced maximum number of fruits plant-1 (17.00 and 16.39) and fruits m-2 (74.80 and 72.11), respectively. Higher values of fruit length, fruit width and fruit wall thickness contributed for maximum mean fruit weight in the hybrids, Indra (124.70 g) and NS-280 (115.31 g). The hybrids, Indra (2.12 kg, 9.40 kg, 23.48 q and 37.52 t) and NS- 280 (1.89 kg, 8.39 kg, 20.97 q and 33.56 t) were found to be superior over other varieties and hybrids in terms of yield plant -1, yield m-2, yield 250 m-2 and yield acre-1, respectively. In respect of fruit quality traits, the varieties viz., Arka Basant and Royal Wonder and the hybrids viz., Angel and Indra showed maximum capsaicin content (0.010%) as compared to other varieties and hybrids. Total carotenoid content was high in the hybrid, NS-280 (0.178%) and in the variety, Arka Basant (0.139 %). The hybrid, Angel (179.34 mg g-1) recorded high ascorbic acid content followed by the variety, Arka Gaurav (170.85 mg g-1). High TSS was recorded in the variety, Arka Gaurav (8.37 °Brix) and in the hybrid, Angel (7.53°Brix).
The performance of capsicum varieties and hybrids in terms of cost economics revealed that the hybrids, Indra and NS-280 gave more net returns (Rs.57,526 and Rs.56,860) and high B:C ratio (2.13 and 2.10), respectively when grown under 50% shade net of 250 m2. The outcome of the present investigation clearly indicates that the capsicum hybrids viz., Indra and NS-280 were best performers interms of yield and net returns under 50% shade net environment.
167) “Studies on performance of certain taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) cultivars for growth, yield and quality parameters”- S.Sailaja
ABSTRACT
The present investigation “Studies on performance of certain taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) cultivars for growth, yield and quality parameters” was conducted at Horticulture College and Research Institute, Anantharajupet, Rly. Kodur, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh to assess the performance of sixteen taro cultivars in terms of growth, yield and quality parameters during kharif, 2012. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. All the plant growth characters were taken at 150 days after planting (DAP), yield and its attributes were recorded at harvest. Significant differences were observed among the cultivars in terms of all the growth characters (except leaf length: width ratio), yield and its attributes and quality parameters. Plant height was maximum in IG Collection-8 (96.23 cm) and minimum was recorded in IG Collection-4 (58.03 cm). Plant spread in E-W and N-S direction was varied from 71.00 cm (cv. KCS-2) to 45.07 cm (cv. IG Collection-4) and 66.20 cm (cv. IG Collection-8) to 42.60 cm (cv. IG Collection-4) respectively. While maximum number of suckers (7.27) and leaves (15.47) plant-1 was observed in IG Collection-6. KCS-3 recorded highest pseudostem girth (14.63 cm) and IG Collection-4 (11.13 cm) recorded lowest girth. Maximum leaf lamina length (42.97 cm), width (33.93 cm), petiole length (75.97 cm) and petiole width (6.30 cm) were recorded by cultivar CA-21, while minimum in cv. Kasibugga. Out of sixteen taro cultivars, three were short

duration, twelve were medium duration and one was a long duration cultivar. Number of corms and cormels plant-1 was varied from 1.00 (cv. IG Collection-1) to 1.53 (cv. CA-49) and 24.47 (cv. IG Collection-4) to 47.34 (cv. CA-49) respectively. Maximum corm length and girth was recorded by CA- 21(6.77 cm) and IG Collection-6 (17.21 cm), while maximum cormel length and girth was recorded by IG Collection-6 (5.67 cm) and IG Collection-1 (8.70 cm). Single corm weight was higher in KCS-3 (99.84 g) and lower in CA-49 (65.09 g), whereas single cormel weight was higher (15.68 g) in IG Collection-6 and lower (9.19 g) in Satamukhi. Corm yield plant-1 varied from 75.04 g (cv. CA-43) to 101.00 g (cv. IG Collection-8), cormel yield plant-1 varied from 373.00 g (cv. IG Collection-4) to 568.67 g (cv. CA-21) and total yield plant-1 varied from 0.45 kg (cv. IG Collection-4) to 0.66 kg (cv. CA-21). Higher corm yield ha-1 (41.73 q ha-1) was recorded by IG Collection-6, while higher cormel yield ha-1 (225.06 q ha-1) was recorded by CA-21 followed by CA-49 and IG Collection-8. Higher total corm and cormel yield ha-1 (262.10 q ha-1) was recorded by the cultivar CA- 21 followed by CA-49, IG Collection-8 and KCS-3. Dry matter content of corm and cormel has varied from 20.17% (IG Collection-1) to 24.66% (KCS-2) and 19.99% (IG Collection-1) to 22.71% (IG Collection-6) respectively.

Starch content in the cormel was higher (58.20%) in IG Collection-6 and lowest in CA-43 (45.09%), whereas protein content was maximum (7.20%) in IG Collection-7 and minimum (4.35%) in NDA-1. The oxalate content in the cormel was varied from 0.36%-0.55% and lowest oxalate content was observed in NDA-1, Satamukhi and KCS-3. Brown leaf spot disease incidence was less in cultivars CA-21 (18.88%), KCS-2 (21.10%), IG Collection-8 (23.32%), CA-43(23.32%), and KCS-3(24.43%). Spodoptera infestation was less observed in IG Collection-1, Satamukhi, IG Collection-4, CA-49, KCS-2 and BCC-17. Cultivar CA-21 has shown higher benefit cost ratio (2.65) followed by CA-49 (2.46), KCS-3 (2.38) and IG Collection-8 (2.29) cultivars. Among the sixteen taro cultivars tested, cultivars CA-21, CA-49, KCS-3 and IG Collection-8 were found to be promising in terms of both corm and cormel yields and benefit cost ratio, hence same can be recommended for cultivation in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.
168) “Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management Practice for Tissue Culture Banana cv. Grand Naine” – S.Firoz Hussain.
ABSTRACT
The present investigation entitled “Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management Practice for Tissue Culture Banana cv. Grand Naine” was carried out at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Anantharajupet during 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design replicated thrice with eleven treatments comprising application of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) through inorganic fertilizers and organic manures in different proportions along with biofertilizers like Azospirillum, PSB and Frateuria aurantia to plant crop. Studies different growth characters at different stages of growth (3,5 MAP and shooting), occurrence of phonological stages, bunch yield and its attributes and quality parameters including shelf life in plant crop cycle.
With respect to growth parameters, the highest plant height and pseudostem girth was registered with the application of 80% RDF (inorganic) = 20% RDF (Vermicompost) + Azospirillum + PSB + FRateuria aurantia both at 3 MAP and 5MAP. Whereas, functional leaves and leaf area plant^-1 and total number of leaves emerged in a crop cycle were highest at various stages of crop growth in plants that received 80%RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum + pSB + Frateuria aurantia.
Highest nitrogen content in the index leaf was recorded at 3 MAP and 5 MAP with the application of 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (vermicompost) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia whereas at shooting application of 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum +PSB + Frateuria aurantia has registered higher nitrogen content. Application of either 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (vermicompost) + PSB or 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia has recorded highest phosphorous content in the index leaf at 3 MAP and 5 MAP whereas at shooting, application of 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + PSB has registered highest phosphorus content in index leaf. Application of 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia has recorded highest leaf potassium content in index leaf at 3 MAP, whereas, the treatment 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (vermicompost) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia has registered highest potassium in the leaf (3.54%) at 5 MAP. Application of 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia has recorded highest potassium content in index leaf at shooting stage. Observed gradual exhaustion of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in all the treatmental plots at harvest when compared to the initial fertility status of experimental plots. The depletion of nutrients was less in the plots that received different INM treatments than the plots that received 100% RDF through inorganic fertilizers alone.
Bunch yield and its attributing characters like, maximum number of hand and fruits bunch^-1 and higher fruit girth, bunch weight and bunch yield were recorded with the application of 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia, but higher fruit length was observed with application of 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (vermicompost) +Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia. Pertaining to quality parameters, significant differences were not evident in acidity, reducing and non reducing sugar content in fruits. However, highest TSS and longer shelf life was recorded in the fruits obtained with application of 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (vermicompost) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia.

Highest net returns were recorded with 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia followed by 80% RDF (inorganic) + 20% RDF (vermicompost) + Azospirillum + PSB + Frateuria aurantia.

On the basis of the results obtained in the present investigation, it can be inferred that application of either 80% RDF (inorganics) + 20% RDF (Vermicompost) along with 50g Azospirillum, 50g PSB and 25g Frateuria aurantia or 80% RDF (inorganics) + 20% RDF (FYM) along with 50g Azospirillum, 50g PSB and 25g Frateuria aurantia can be recommended for tissue culture banana cv. Grand Naine (AAA) for reaping optimum bunch yield and higher net returns in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.
169) “Studies on the effect of salt and VAM fungi on growth of juice and table grape cultivars”- B.R.Srujana.