Appendix 3: Resource Project Stages and Equipment and Service Requirements Developing the Initial Resource Project Maps
These initial maps aim simply to establish a set of reasonably generic project stages from exploration to closure and then to characterise the key activities and inputs at each stage:
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Exploration
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Project development
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Mining Operations;
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Processing Operations (refining and metallurgy)
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Mine closure.
The major stages of offshore oil and gas projects are typically characterised as:
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Reservoir Information
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Contract Drilling
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Drilling Related Services and Equipment
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Casing and Completion
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Infrastructure and Installation
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Production & Maintenance
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Decommissioning
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Logistical Support
A basic classification of mining equipment is in Table A3.1, and services in Table A3.2. :
Table A3.1: Mining Equipment Categories
Stages & Dimensions
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Equipment
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Exploration
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Mapping, Geological & Geotechnical Surveys, Borehole Drilling,
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Material Handling
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Conveyors, Crushers, Winches, Vehicles, Weighing & Measuring
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Surface Mining
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Drilling, Electrical & Hydraulic equipment, Shovel Buckets
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Underground Mining
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Blasting, Drilling, Electrical & Hydraulic equipment., Communication
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Health & Safety
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Ventilation, Dust control, Waste Management, Safety equipment
| Table A3.2: Mining Services Categories
Group 1
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Services related to the exploration stage: geotechnical engineering, geo-statistics, geophysics, geology, geochemistry, economic geology and drilling.
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Group 2
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Services mostly related to the project development stage such as project management, EPCM (engineering, procurement and construction management) services, due diligence and construction management.
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Group 3
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Services mostly related to the mining stage such as Seismicity, rock mechanics, mining engineering, mine design and blasting).
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Group 4
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Services most related to the processing stage such as metallurgy, leaching, hydrometallurgy and chemistry.
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Group 5
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Services mostly related to environmental services and the closure stage such as paste and thickened tailings, remediation, environmental engineering and acid mine drainage.
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Group 6
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Others relate to no particular stage, such as mechanical engineering, management, maintenance, electrical engineering, data interpretation services, civil engineering and biotechnology.
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A similar basic characterisation of inputs for offshore oil and gas projects is at Table A3.3
Table A3.3: Service and Equipment Categories for Offshore Oil and Gas Projects
Offshore Equipment and Services
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Services
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Equipment
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Reservoir Information
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Seismic acquisition
Seismic processing
Reservoir imaging
Data management
Data integration
Geophysical equip
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Contract Drilling
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Land rigs
Jackup rigs
Semisubmersible rigs
Drillships
Tenders/barges
Submersible rigs
Workover rigs
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Drilling Related Services and Equipment
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Open hole wireline
Mud logging
Rental tools
Fishing services
Underbalanced drilling
Solids control
Directional drilling
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Drill bits
Drill pipe
Drilling fluids
Downhole tools
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Casing and Completion
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Casing, cementing
Cased hole logging
Perforating
Pressure pumping
Intelligent completions
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Completion fluids
Coiled tubing
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Infrastructure and Installation
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Engineering/design
Offshore fabrication
Offshore construction
Field processing equip
Offshore rig manufacturing
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Production & Maintenance
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Production logging
Well servicing
Compression services
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Artificial lift
Subsea/surface equip
Production chemicals
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Decommissioning
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Seek approval services
Clean services
Treat/ store hazardous waste
Remove offshore (lift)
Dispose onshore
Site clearance /Monitor residual liabilities
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Source: Based on Bain & Company
It is useful to attempt to characterise each stage in terms of the primary engineering, technical and management ‘systems’ that support outcomes and progress. If a generic map can be based on the key systems this will facilitate the later assessment of changing requirements at the system and sub-system level and then the materials, equipment and services within those systems. A basic characterisation of major ‘systems’ for offshore oil and gas projects is at Table A3.4 and a more general illustrative version of mining projects at Table A3.5.
Table A3 4: Offshore Gas Development: Services and Equipment for Major ‘Systems’
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Exploration
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Development
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Production
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Geology & Geophysics
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Evaluation Drilling and completion
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Gas production units (fixed)
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Gas collection systems
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Production & Maintenance
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SERVICES
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Data acquisition
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Hire and operation of sensor
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Services to install the subsea systems
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Contracts for the operation of the facilities
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Interpretation of the surveys
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Drilling and completion
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Maintenance services – topside and undersea
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Engineering and management
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Support base / Contracts for marine support vessels air transport
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EQUIPMENT
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Seismic and exploration equipment
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Supplies for drilling and completion
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Fabrication and integration of topside modules
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Pipelines for transport of gas
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Equipment for drilling, and subsea systems
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Seismic vessels
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Sensors/ probes
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Platforms and onshore facilities
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Shock alleviators and relief valves
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Offshore support vessels
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General Machinery and Equipment: Compressors, pumps, valves boilers, turbines, instrumentation, generators
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Derived from work by Bain & Company
Table A.3.5: Basic generic stage and system map for Mining Projects
Overall Generic: Broad Categories
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Key Systems Required
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1
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2
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3
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..n
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Eqpt
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Services
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Eqpt
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Services
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Eqpt
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Services
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Eqpt
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Services
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Exploration
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Pre-Feasibility
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Feasibility
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Project Management
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Concept Design
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Design
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Development
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Fabrication
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Installation
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Operation
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Processing
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Maintenance
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Technology & System Development
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Shutdown/ Closure
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It is also useful to identify the inputs that are generic and specialised and perhaps also those that are core (or critical to performance) and ancilliary or non-core, as in Tables Table A3.6 and Table A3.7.
Table A.3.6: Specialised and Generic Input Types for Mining Projects
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Specialised
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Generic
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Exploration
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geotechnical engineering, geo-statistics, geophysics, geology, geochemistry, economic geology, drilling
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mechanical engineering, management, maintenance, electrical engineering, data interpretation services, civil engineering
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Project development
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project management, EPCM services, due diligence, construction management.
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Mining Operations;
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Seismicity, rock mechanics, mining engineering, mine design and blasting
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Processing Operations
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metallurgy, leaching, hydrometallurgy and chemistry
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Mine closure.
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environmental services paste and thickened tailings, remediation, environmental engineering and acid mine drainage
| Table A.3.7: Specialised and Generic Equipment and Services Inputs to Mining Projects
Overall Generic: Broad Categories
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Equipment & Materials
[Core and Non-core]
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Services
[Core and Non-core]
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Generic
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Specialised
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Generic
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Specialised
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Exploration
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Pre-Feasibility
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Feasibility
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Project Management
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Concept Design
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Design
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Development
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Fabrication
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Installation
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Operation
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Processing
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Maintenance
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Technology & System Development
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Shutdown/ Closure
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A second, and complementary, approach to that of characterising ‘systems’ is to identify key activities, as in Table A3.8 for mining projects and with a somewhat different approach in Table A3.9. This second perspective, from a Canadian study, is more concerned with characterising the inputs in terms of the levels of: specialisation; scale economies; and ‘sophistication’. Such an approach may be more useful for understanding the development of local supply opportunity and capability. Table A3.10 provides an illustrative (and incomplete) a stage- activity - input ‘map’ for offshore oil and gas projects.
Table A3 8:- Activity-input map for Mining Projects
Stages
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Mining Categories of Suppliers and Examples of Product and Services
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Knowledge intensive services Consultants
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Specialized Services Contractors
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Capital Goods and Equipment Suppliers
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Consumable Inputs Suppliers
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Services & goods mainly for investment projects
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Exploration services.
Exploration services.
Investment project management.
Engineering services (mine planning, process design, & metallurgy eng’g.)
Mine closure, reclamation
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Development & construction services.
Tunnelling services.
Shaft sinking
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Heavy machinery & eqpt (eg mills, crushers, & smelting eqt
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Services & goods mainly for ongoing operation
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Mine automation & optimisation.
Blasting engineering.
Equipment design & adapting.
Eqpt maintenance & repair
Geological testing.
Metallurgical analysis.
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Drilling services
Sampling services
Drilling services
Shaft sinking
Laboratory Services
Mineral handling contractors
Education & training
Mineral processing
Env’t monitoring
Tailing dam
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Light machinery & equipment:
Replacements
Drilling eqpt
Conveyors
Ventilation eqpt
Excavators
Electronic eqpt
Engines & generators
Trucks
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Explosives and blasting accessories
Chemical products.
Abrasives
Acids.
Drill bits.
Tyres
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Source: Urzua, O. (2007) Emergence and Development of Knowledge-Intensive Mining Services (KIMS) (Background report for the 2007 UNCTAD World Investment Report
Table A3.9: Preliminary versions of a mineral project of this generic stage-activity-input map -– Specialisation and Value Add
Type
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Category
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Examples
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I. Specialized Machinery for the Mineral Sector
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A1 Specialized & sophisticated -scale economies are important
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Drill systems and vehicles; UG+OP loading & hauling vehicle’s; engines, transmissions and hydraulic systems;
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A2 Specialized sophisticated with limited scale economies
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Airborne geophysical instrumentation; raise, shaft and tunnel borers; road-headers
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B Specialized engineered mid-tech" where scale economies are less possible
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Winches, hoists and related; shaft furniture; headframes; crushers; some process equipment; special purpose UG or OP carriers and vehicles
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C Specialized "low-tech" - often high-bulk or weight to value
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Sheet-metal fabrications (bins, hoppers, vats, tanks) "custom castings", conveyor components; drill steel and bits; rock bolts; grinding media; track mounted vehicles; mine supports.
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II General Industrial Machinery & Equipment - also used in mining
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D "High-Tech"
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Process control systems; communications systems; instruments; some vehicles; exploration aircraft; laboratory equipment
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E "Medium-Tech"
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Diesel engines; compressors; electric motors; general purpose pumps; ventilation and dust collection systems; some bulk materials handling; some vehicle components
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F "Lower-Tech"
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Structural steel and construction materials; track; hose, liners and rubber products; piping; air ducts; some vehicle components (e.g. batteries); some hand tools
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