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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Biotechnology: What is this
- The Old Bulgarian Traditions in Biotechnology
- Upsurge of Biotechnology in Bulgaria (1983-1989)
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Biotechnology
- Mineral and Environmental Biotechnology
- Education in Biotechnology
- Intellectual Property and Legislation Related with Biosafety
- Classical Technologies Related to Biotechnology
BiotechnologyProf. Ivan Ivanov, deputy director, Institute of Molecular Biology - Bulgarian Academy of Science IntroductionThis document presents a critical survey on the development and present state of biotechnology in Bulgaria. Although Bulgaria has old traditions in biotechnology, its modern stage of development was not smooth. Being a priority area for the Bulgarian economy until 1989 it has been totally ignored after 1990. This led to a drastic decline and a painful recovery after 1997. Bulgaria has experience, facilities (although not quite modern), technologies and manpower for the following branches of biotechnology: fermentation and pharmaceutical biotechnology (antibiotics and other products of fermentation technology), enzyme technology, mineral biotechnology, genetic engineering (both plant and microbial). The most advanced among them are antibiotic industry and mineral biotechnology and the most promising is genetic engineering. Bulgaria has a new system for education in biotechnology at the three university levels (bachelor, master and Ph.D.) as well as two colleges preparing biotechnology specialists. There are many research institutes and university departments currently working on many projects related with biotechnology. Although biotechnology in Bulgaria has great potentials, it is underdeveloped in general because of the severe deficiency of funding. Biotechnology: What is this?The term “biotechnology” has been introduced about 20 years ago to replace the old terms “industrial microbiology”, “industrial enzymology”, “technical biochemistry”, etc. The latter terms reflected industrial application of achievements of a limited number of biological branches (microbiology, enzymology, etc.), whereas the new term “biotechnology” reflects implementation in industry of the results of all branches of the modern biology (microbiology, enzymology, immunology, molecular biology, molecular genetics, cell biology, plant physiology and genetics, biophysics, etc.). Actually, this term appeared in the literature at the time of advent of genetic engineering and hybridoma technology, which became the most advanced areas of biotechnology. The Old Bulgarian Traditions in BiotechnologyBulgaria is a country with old traditions in the classical fermentation technologies like beer, wine and milk industries. It is an old but still preserved tradition for Bulgarians to make their own home-made wine and strong drinks. Until 1947 more than 20 000 small Bulgarian private companies had produced and sold wine in Bulgaria and Europe. The first big wine company (wine cellar) has been founded in Suhindol in 1909. After nationalisation (1947) many big wine factories and plants have been built in Sofia, Pleven, Russe, Lyaskovetz, Targovishte, Preslav, Pavlikeni, Pomorie, Burgas, Sliven, Chirpan, Perushtica, Assenovgrad, etc. Grape collection and processing have been modernised and discontinuous fermentation was soon introduced. The yield of wine (related to grape) increased from 40-50% for the home-made wine to over 73% for the industrially produced one. Wine production was standardised and Bulgarian wines became well known to the world market. The most popular wine trade marks are Misket, Muskat, Cabernet, Mavrud, Gamza, Dimiat, Kadarka, etc. Brewery is an old industry too. The first Beer Cartel was founded in Sofia in 1908. It included 7 beer factories in Sofia, Lom, Plovdiv and Shoumen. A new Cartel (called United Breweries) was founded in 1927 and including 12 beer factories. One of the oldest Bulgarian fermentation products is the “sour milk” (incorrectly translated “yoghurt”). It is a unique milk product, different from the world known yoghurt. Unlike yoghurt, Bulgarian sour milk is made of two bacteria (Lacobacillus bulgaricus and Streptomyces termophylus) living in symbiosis. Each one of the two microorganisms produces different biologically active substances. Maintenance of this symbiosis requires a special milk composition. This unique composition is typical for the Balkan countries milk only. That is why it is not easy to organize a stable production of real sour milk in other countries rather than in the Balkans. The classical yoghurt is a monomicrobial product. Other traditional Bulgarian milk products (typical products of the enzyme technology) are the “white cheese” (incorrectly translated “feta cheese”) and the “kashkaval” (yellow cheese). The fist plant for manufacturing of antibiotics was built in Bulgaria (Razgrad) in 1952-1954 and the second one (in Peshtera) in 1959-1960. They both used to produce (until 1989) more than 25 different antibiotics and 80% of their production was exported. About the same time several pilot plants and plants for fodder yeast have been also opened. The first industrial installation for underground bacterial leaching was opened at the mine “Vlaikov Vrach) in 1970. In order to satisfy the needs of Bulgarian fermentation technology for technological improvements, new technologies and qualified human resources, many specialized research institutes and departments to the universities were founded between 1950 and 1960. Some of them were: Higher Institute for Food and Flavour Industry (Plovdiv), Research Institute of Wine Industry (Sofia), Research Institute of Wine Industry (Pleven), Research Institute of Brewery (Sofia), Research Institute of Milk Industry (Sofia), Research Institute for Antibiotics (Razgrad), Research Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute (Sofia), etc. Upsurge of Biotechnology in Bulgaria (1983-1989)Biotechnology became a priority area for the economy of the former Eastern Block countries, including Bulgaria, after 1983. It was regulated by a special Programme for Development of Biotechnology in Bulgaria, which was controlled by the former State Committee for Science and Technology and the Central Committee of the ruling party. Hundreds of millions of dollars were invested during the above period to ensure development of biotechnology in the following areas:
Fermentation biotechnology (industrial scale) was developed in the two plants for antibiotics in Razgrad and Peshtera and in the plant for manufacturing of enzymes in Botevgrad. These three plants were renovated and expanded and many other small pilot-plants and semi-industrial laboratories were created for production of:
Pharmaceutical biotechnology was based on the former pharmaceutical giant “Pharmachim” with its five main branches in Sofia, Razgrad, Peshtera, Stanke Dimitrov (now Dupnitza) and Troian. Besides Pharmachim, several small factories and pharmaceutical pilot-plants were founded for production of:
Environmental biotechnology dealt with:
The R&D of the Programme for Development of Biotechnology in Bulgaria was the most impressive one. Tenths of the existing Bulgarian universities and research institutes has been affiliated to this programme and many other new centers, institutes, departments, research laboratories and groups were founded all over the country to work on different fields of biotechnology. Although the R&D was spread over the all areas of biotechnology, a special priority was given to the genetic and cell engineering. Some of the new units created at that time and their affiliation to the programme are listed in the following table. Table 18 List of units created in Bulgarian Biotechnology Sector
Millions of US dollars were supplied to the above organisations for equipment, consumables and staff training. More than 1500 different projects were subsidised by the Programme during 1984-1989 and tenths of original technologies were developed and patented in Bulgaria and abroad. The Programme for Development of Biotechnology in Bulgaria aimed also to create a modern biotech park (called National Center for High Biotechnology) at Gorni Lozen (near Sofia). The NCHB was designed to combine both R&D and manufacturing of high biotech products and should accommodate 1500 employees. Due to financial reasons, the NCHB had never been built. The education in biotechnology was organised at both graduate and postgraduate levels. In order to satisfy the foreseen needs of qualified personnel for the future years, a special Center of Biotechnology for education in biotechnology at MS level had been created as an interuniversity unit between the three universities: Sofia University (Faculty of Biology), University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy (Sofia) and the Technical University (Sofia). A pilot programme was launched for the education in this center according to which the students were trained all together during the first three years. After that they were split into three streams for further (two year) education in one of the three partner universities. Finally, they had to defend a master thesis. A great number of theses were worked out in the institutes of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences such as the Institute of Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Institute of Immunology, etc. They also used to accommodate tenths of Ph.D. students and junior university teachers for postgraduate and post-doctoral training. Several hundreds of biotechnologists succeeded to obtain their MS and Ph.D. degrees during the years 1984 and 1990. Unfortunately, most of them remained jobless and therefore were constrained to leave the country.
The products of Bulgarian biotechnology were designed for domestic use and the markets of the former Eastern Block countries. They did not satisfy the world accepted GMP requirements and therefore were not eligible for export to the western market. That is why the collapse of the former Socialistic Camp and the Soviet Union in particular had a crucial effect on Bulgarian biotechnology. The latter was stricken also by the sharp transition from a state controlled to free market economy. The lack of market had a catastrophic effect on the Bulgarian biotech enterprises. The most significant changes happened to biotechnology in Bulgaria after 1989 were the following:
The apocalyptic stage and agony for Bulgarian biotechnology was additionally extended until recently because of the slow privatisation and unstable economy. Revival of Biotechnology in Bulgaria (1997-2000) Economical conditions in Bulgaria were gradually improving during the last few years, which favoured the development of Bulgarian biotechnology. Some of the old biotech enterprises re-initiated their activities on credits and others were privatised and re-established as new companies. The R&D in universities and research institutes was re-activated on account of foreign grants and international research programmes. Educational system was reorganised to fit the western standards and the education in biotechnology was re-established in several universities, although in different forms (see below). Pharmaceutical and Fermentation BiotechnologyFollowing 1989 the former pharmaceutical company Pharmachim has been split into several independent companies. They all were privatised and some of them were reunited under the new-born holding “Balkanpharma”. Biotech products are presently manufactured by the company “Balkanpharma-Razgrad” (the former antibiotic plant in Razgrad). Its present product list is much shorter than before and includes two categories of products: 1) Substances and 2) Pharmaceutical formulations. The list of substances includes:
The list of final (ready-made) pharmaceuticals consists of 93 items (not presented here) which are based on both own substances and imported antibiotics. Presently Balkanpharma-Razgrad employs 20-30% of its technological capacity. Most of the old technologies are now frozen because of necessity of technical renovation and technological improvements to satisfy the GMP requirements. The R&D activity at Balkanpharma-Razgrad is carried out in the Research Institute for Antibiotics (belonging to the same company). It is focused on the development of new technologies for production antibiotics and new final forms. “Biovet” is an independent private company based on the former branch of Pharmachim in Peshtera. It is specialised in manufacturing pharmaceuticals and other products for veterinary and farming. The product list of Biovet includes a great number of final forms classified into the following five categories of products:
The R&D at Biovet is carried out in its well equipped research laboratories which are specialized in the following areas:
The production facilities of Biovet are GMP certified and its products comply with the European and British Pharmacopoeia standards. “DeoDan” is a small private company organized on the basis of the former Research Institute for Anticancer Antibiotics in Sofia. Its activity includes development and manufacturing of:
Most of the DeoDan products are based on extracts and derivatives of the bacterium Lactobacillus bulgarius and on their own (patented) strain Lactobacillus tumoronecroticance B51. The most popular of the DeoDan products are:
“National Center for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases” (NCIPD) in Sofia owns research laboratories and a pilot plant for production of the following products for human application:
Most of the NCIPD products are designed for the domestic market. “Plastchim” is a private company based on the former plant for enzyme preparations in Botevgrad. Its product list includes the following products:
Plastchim does not have GMP conditions and its products are addressed to the domestic market and as well to the markets of some former Eastern Block countries. Mineral and Environmental BiotechnologyMineral and Environmental Biotechnology deals with bacterial leaching of heavy metals (copper, gold, uranium, etc.) from poor ores, microbial removal of certain undesired compounds from ores and minerals, bioremedation (water and soil cleaning by microbiological methods), production of petrol products from poor sources, gas production from farm dumps (biogas), etc. The following plants and pilot plants are (or have been) functioning for:
Genetic EngineeringThe only one Bulgarian company dedicated to the application of recombinant DNA technology is “Pharmagen”. It is a small private company owing patents (including European), bacterial strains and know-how for production of recombinant human interferons alpha 1 (hIFN-a1) and gamma (hIFN-g) as well as of several pharmaceuticals based on the hIFN-g. The Pharmagen product list includes the following final forms:
Although these preparations have shown excellent results in clinics and are allowed for sale in Bulgaria, they are not on the shelves because Pharmagen does not have any industrial capacity and needs partners and investors. R&D in the Field of Biotechnology The R&D in biotechnology in Bulgaria is carried out in the following research institutions listed in the table below. Table 19List of organisations performing R&D in biotechnology
Education in BiotechnologyReorganization of Bulgarian educational system has started several years ago in order to introduce a three level university system ending up with BS (bachelor), MS (master) and Ph.D. respectively. The three university degrees in biotechnology can be obtained in several state universities (see below). The BS degree was introduced several years ago after a joint Tempus project (entitled “National Curricula and Study Programmes for Bachelor Degree in Biotechnology”) had been run within three Bulgarian universities (University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Higher Institute for Food and Flavour Industry in Plovdiv and the University of Plovdiv), the Institute of Molecular Biology and four European universities. Bulgarian institutions presently preparing specialists in the field of Biotechnology are the following:
There are also two colleges preparing technicians for the needs of Bulgarian biotechnology:
Besides the above specialists, Bulgarian biotechnology relies also on chemists, biologists, food technologists, pharmacists, etc., graduated from one of the above or other Bulgarian universities. Intellectual Property and Legislation Related with BiosafetySince 1993 Bulgaria has a new intellectual property law and a new patent system. It replaced the former “Certificate for Invention” system and is closer to the European rather than to the American patent system. During this transition a great number of inventions in biotechnology have not been converted into patents and therefore are not valid anymore. The reasons for this were the financial inability of inventors to maintain their own patents and the dramatic decline of biotechnology at that time and therefore the lack of interest on the side of enterprises towards technological innovations. In 1994 a Biosafety Committee was created in Bulgaria to elaborate rules and precaution measures for applying genetic engineering methods and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Bulgaria. In February 1995 the Ministry of Agriculture has established a Council to control the use of GMOs. This year (2000) a draft of a Law for GMOs is worked out and presented to the Parliament. It is similar to the laws of other European countries and concerns the rules, licensing and sanctions related to the use and release of GMOs. It is anticipated that the Law for GMOs will be accepted next year. Classical Technologies Related to BiotechnologyAs already mentioned, Bulgaria has old traditions in some classical technologies related to biotechnology and they were among the first showing a remarkable progress in the time of free market economy. Most promising of them are the following:
Their survey is beyond the scope of the present overview and they should be reviewed separately. Conclusions The present survey clearly showed that Bulgarian biotechnology is now in a stage of slow recovery. This process proceeds most successfully in the field of fermentation biotechnology dedicated to manufacturing of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals, which is one of the first privatised industries in the country. The other areas of biotechnology are still lagging behind because of the lack of booster funds. The next branch, which is expected to be recovered soon after privatisation, is the mineral biotechnology. All technologies applied so far in this field (bacterial leaching of rare and expensive elements) have been developed at the University of Mining and Geology and are well known abroad. Some of them have been bought and successfully applied in other countries (like Brazil). A promising field of biotechnology seems to be the genetic engineering of biologically active substances for medical use. Taking into consideration that these substances (most of which are hormones, immunomodulants, growth factors and regulators, etc.) are endowed with high biological activity, their manufacturing require modern pilot plants rather than real big plants. They are profitable since they itself, as well as their final (ready for use) forms are still quite a bit expensive. The world market for this category of products is estimated to be several hundreds of billions of US dollars for the next few years. Genetic engineering, however, requires educated and highly qualified people. As already mentioned, such specialists are presently available in the country and are continuously preparing at the Bulgarian universities and research institutes. A key consideration in favour of developing such a high biotechnology in Bulgaria is the low price of the qualified labour and the cheap clinical trials in the country. According to the forecasts this situation will remain almost unchanged during the next few years.
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