T makwanyane and m mchunu

See Van Dijk and Van Hoof Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights 2nd ed (1990) pp 502 -3.

222 See S v Zuma (unreported judgment of the Constitutional Court, 5 April 1995) para 15 in which Kentridge AJ referred to the judgment of Dickson J in R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd (1985) 18 DLR (4th) 321 at 395 - 6 with approval. See also Law Society of British Columbia and another v Andrews and another (1989) 36 CRR 193 (SCC) at 224 - 225.

223 See, for discussion of the right to dignity and the death penalty, the judgment of Solyom J in the Hungarian case concerning the constitutionality of the death penalty (Decision no 23/1990 (X.31.) AB, George Feher translation).

224 See Ronald Dworkin Life's Dominion: An argument about abortion and euthanasia (1993) at 239.

225 See also S v Ncube 1988 (2) SA 702 (ZS) at 717 B - D.

226 See Murray `Hangings in Southern Africa: The last ten years' (1990) 6 SAJHR 439 - 441; Keightley `Hangings in Southern Africa: the last ten years' (1991) 7 SAJHR 347 - 349; `The Death Penalty in SA: Statistics' (1989) 2 SACJ 251; Amnesty International `When the State Kills... The Death Penalty vs Human Rights' (1989) 204 - 207.

227 The issue, of course, is whether inescapable caprice prevents the process from being 'due' when the consequences are so drastic.

228 88 BVerfGE 203 (2nd Abortion Case).

229 Cf. 1969 SALJ 455 and 1970 SALJ 60; S v Van Niekerk 1970 (3) SA 655.

230 The International Law of Human Rights, Oxford 1983, reprinted 1992, at p. 93 referring to James, Young and Webster v U.K. Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights on 13/08/81.

231 See the postamble, also referred to as the epilogue or afterword, where reference is made to the "need for ubuntu".

232 Junod, Henri A - The Life of a South African Tribe 2nd Edition published Macmillan 1927 at p. 436.

233 1889 CLJ 87 - Extracts from Maclean's Handbook.

234 John Henderson Soga - The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs, published Lovedale Press , South Africa; London, Kegan Paul, at p. 46.

235 Hammond-Tooke D: The 'other side' of frontier history: a model of Cape Nguni political process, in African Societies in Southern Africa ed. Leonard Thompson, London 1969, at p. 255.

236 Soga supra at p. 46.

237 Bantu Law and Western Civilisation in South Africa - a study in the clash of cultures (1934 Yale University MA Thesis).

238 1889 CLJ 89, 1890 CLJ 23 at 34.

239 J M Orpen: History of the Basutus of South Africa, Cape Argus 1857, Reprinted UCT 1955.

240 Molema SM: Montshiwa (1815 - 1896) Barolong Chief and Patriot (published C. Struik 1966).

241 Donald R Morris: The washing of the Spears - A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and its Fall in the Zulu war of 1879. Jonathan Cape 1965, Random House 1995, p. 174-5.

242 C. Graham Botha 1915 SALJ 319. More generally, see footnote 15. These matters were referred to but not developed in Applicants' written argument.

243 Sir John Barrow, FRS: Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa Volume 2 p. 138 -9. London 1806 quoted in C. Graham Botha 1915 SALJ 322, also by E. Kahn, the Death Penalty 1970 THRHR, p. 110. Letter by British Commander to Cape Court of Justice quoted by C. Graham Botha 1913 SALJ 294; reply by Court quoted in 1915 SALJ 327; see also, V. de Kock - Those in Bondage, an account of the life of the slave at the Cape, George Allen and Unwin, London 1950 p 158-60. For punishments generally see de V Roos 1897 CLJ 11-23, C.H. van Zyl 1907 SALJ 352, 370; 1908 SALJ 4, 264.

244 Applicants' heads of argument, taken from When the State Kills - The Death Penalty v. Human Rights, Amnesty International, London 1989.

245 This is confirmed by South African experience ranging from Slachters Nek to the Cape Rebels to the 1922 Strike leaders to Vuyisile Mini and Solomon Mahlangu in recent times.

246 Amnesty International op cit. There has also been a marked move away from capital punishment in the countries of Eastern Europe after the ending of authoritarian one-party rule there.