Tashkent state pedagogical university named after nizami foreign languages faculty

Reading methods
Learning to read begins with the perception of text, where eye movements play a significant role. For a beginner to read, text is a complex visual field, which is saturated with a mass of similar images of letters. These letters must be perceived and analyzed in a strict order, achieving recognition of each individual element of the letter, fragment of a word or individual words. The sequence of basic visual reading operations can be represented as follows:
1. Binocular fusion and bifixation of the target (if the axes of the two eyes do not converge at one point, then the image of an object or letter, which is transmitted to the visual cortex, begins to double. As a result, reading becomes impossible. Correct bifixation requires preliminary binocular fusion due to the convergence of the eyes )
2. Visual search for the beginning of a line
3. Eye movement when scanning text, direction from left to right (while reading, the eye makes movements along the line, they are of a special nature and are called saccades, ending with a fixation point. The eye can stop at the beginning, middle and end of the word. The saccades (jumps) themselves take 5% of the time, 95% - recognition of what was loaded. After recognition, the iconic memory must be cleared. Most often while reading we stop at the beginning of the line and more often and more stops we make at the end of the line. Eye movements forward along the line are called progressive movements. In addition to these movements, there are eye movements that are considered normative, but they are carried out in the opposite direction. A poor reader has a lot of returns. If words are unfamiliar with a complex syllable structure, then there will also be returns. Movements are called regressive. Information that is loaded into Iconic memory is processed in the cerebral cortex using two channels; they process visual information (pi channel and m channel))
T. Egorov (1953) - letter-by-letter reading method. Artificially divided the acquisition of reading skills into 4 stages: