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Appendix 3. testing of unbound granulAr material

Testing of unbound granular materials

European studies COST Acton 337 delivered a report which gives broad and very detailed description of important mechanism, models and procedures in road construction on bases of the whole field of knowledge of unbound granular materials.

Following section is from Chapter 5 in the Final Report of Action. COST 337 (2002).
Review of test methods for Unbound Granular Materials

This part presents the results of the first part of the questionnaire, which deals with the tests used in Europe for unbound granular materials. Tests for unbound granular materials have been divided into three main categories:

• 
  laboratory tests used to determine particle characteristics;
  
• 
  laboratory tests used to determine material characteristics;
  
• 
  in situ tests.
  

For each category of tests, Figures 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 summarise the main tests used in the participating European countries, and the properties determined by each test. For each test, these figures also indicate the total number of countries using the test.




Appendix 4. Road material evaluation scheme

Appendix 5. Most common eco-toxicity tests

The following tables introduce first the most common tests, i.e. the ones most frequently applied and most documented. This represents only a small part of the standardized tests. For this reason, a second table is added to review all the standardized tests found in the literature related to the eco-toxic properties assessment of the nine materials concerned by WP3. In both tables are included tests recommended by OECD guidelines as they also constitute reference tests.

To make easier the understanding of the tables common terms to name the organisms are used. The algae tested in the tests mentioned in the table are unicellular algae (i.e. micro-algae).

Organism	toxicity	specie and/ortest name	Normalized Protocol	Tested materials
Algae	Acute	Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (=Selenastrum capricornutum) ou Scenedesmus subspicatus)	EN 28962	Coal fly ash leachate
				Ecotoxicity of waste (leachate)
Bacteria	Acute	Vibrio fischeri (=Photobacterium phosphoreum) Microtox^®	ISO 11348	Unbound rock blast furnace slag leachate
				Unbound basic oxygen steel slag leachate
				Unbound electric arc furnace slag leachate
				Soils/wastes leachate
				Coal fly ash leachate
				Ecotoxicity of waste (leachate)
				Soils leachate
Crustaceans	Chronic	Daphnia magna	OECD 202 (211)	Ecotoxicity of waste (leachate)
				Soils/wastes leachate
				Soils leachate
	Acute	Daphnia magna	ISO 6341 (OECD 202)	Unbound rock blast furnace slag leachate
				Unbound basic oxygen steel slag leachate
				Unbound electric arc furnace slag leachate
				Soils/wastes leachate
				Soils leachate
				Ecotoxicity of waste (leachate)
				MSWI bottom ash leachate
				Coal fly ash leachate
Flowering Plants	Acute	Monocotyledones & dicotyledones	ISO 11269-2	Soils/wastes solids
				MSWI bottom ash
				Coal fly ash
				Ecotoxicity solid waste
Earth worm	Acute	Eisenia fetida	ISO 11268-1	Soils/wastes solids
				MSWI bottom ash
				Coal fly ash leachate
				Ecotoxicity solid waste

Table A5.1: Most common eco-toxicity tests
The following table summarises a state-of-the-art of European and international standardized tests which have already been applied on wastes.

Organism	toxicity	specie and/ortest name	Normalized Protocol	Parameters	Duration	Tested materials	Note
Algae	Acute	Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (=Selenastrum capricornutum) ou Scenedesmus subspicatus)	EN 28962	Growth inhibition	72 h	Coal fly ash leachate	Direction des études et recherche EDF. 1999
						Ecotoxicity of waste (leachate)	Ministère Environnement/ critère H14
Algae	Chronic	Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (=Selenastrum capricornutum) ou Scenedesmus subspicatus)	ISO 8692 (OECD 201)	Growth inhibition	72 or 96 h	Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
Bacteria	Acute	Vibrio fischeri (=Photobacterium phosphoreum) Microtox^®	ISO 11348	Luminescence inhibition CI50	15 & 30 min	Unbound rock blast furnace slag leachate	Autralasian Slag Association 1994
						Unbound basic oxygen steel slag leachate	Autralasian Slag Association 1996
						Unbound electric arc furnace slag leachate	Autralasian Slag Association 1997
						Soils/wastes leachate	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
						Coal fly ash leachate	Direction des études et recherche EDF. 1999
						Ecotoxicity of waste (leachate)	Ministère Environnement/ critère H14
						Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
Bacteria	Acute	Vibrio fischeri Microtox^®	ISO 11348-3			MSWI bottom ash leachate	Cikala, V & Pascual C. 2001 MIOM 2001 Orléans
Bacteria	Genotox.	Salmonella thyphimurium Umu-test	ISO 13829	Gene umuC activation (enzymatic activity)	4 h	Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
Bacteria	Acute	Soil microflora	ISO 14238	Nitrification and N mineralization DI25, DI50	4 weeks	Soils/wastes solids	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
Bacteria	Acute	Soil microflora	ISO 15685	N oxydation, CE10, CE50	6 h	Soils/wastes solids	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
Bacteria	Chronic	Pseudomonas putida	ISO 10712	Growth inhibition, CE10, CE50	16 h	Soils/wastes leachate	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
Bacteria	Acute	Micro-organismes des boues activées	OECD 209	Oxygen consumption	3 h	Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
Bacteria	Genotox.	Salmonella thyphimurium Ames-test	OECD 471	Revertant number	48 h	Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
Crustaceans	Chronic	Ceriodaphnia dubia	Env Canada	Reproduction	7 days	Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
Crustaceans	Chronic	Daphnia magna	OECD 202 (211)		21 days	Ecotoxicity of waste (leachate)	Ministère Environnement/ critère H14
						Soils/wastes leachate	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
						Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
Crustaceans	Acute	Daphnia Magna	ISO 6341 (OECD 202)	Immobilisation CE50	24 et 48 h	Unbound rock blast furnace slag leachate	Autralasian Slag Association 1994
						Unbound basic oxygen steel slag leachate	Autralasian Slag Association 1996
						Unbound electric arc furnace slag leachate	Autralasian Slag Association 1997
						Soils/wastes leachate	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
						Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
						Ecotoxicity of waste (leachate)	Ministère Environnement/ critère H14
						MSWI bottom ash leachate	Cikala, V & Pascual C. 2001 MIOM 2001 Orléans
						Coal fly ash leachate	Direction des etude et recherché EDF. 1999
Invertébrés	Chronic	Folsomia candida	ISO 11267	reproduction, NOEC, CE50	4 weeks	Soils/wastes solids	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
Duckweed	Chronic	Lemna gibba ou minor	ASTM E 1415	Growth inhibition	5 ou 7 days	Soils leachate	Office Fédéral de l'Environnement, des Forêts et du Paysage (OFEFP), Suisse. 1999
Barley	Acute	Hordeum vulgare	ISO 11269-1	Root growth inhibition, LOEC	5 days	Soils/wastes solids	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
Flowering Plantes	Acute	Monocotyledones et dicotyledones	ISO 11269-2	Germination inhibition and growth inhibition, NOEC, LOEC, CE50	14 to 21 days	Soils/wastes solids	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
						MSWI bottom ash	Cikala, V & Pascual C. 2001 MIOM 2001 Orléans
						Coal fly ash	Direction des études et recherche EDF 1999
						Ecotoxicity solid waste	Ministère Environnement/ critère H14
Fish	Acute	Brachydanio rerio	ISO 7346-1,-2-3	Mortality	96 h	Soils/wastes leachate	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
White worms	Chronic	Enchytraeus albidus	OECD 220	Reproduction, CL50, NOEC	6 weeks	Soils/wastes solids	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
Earthworm	Acute	Eisenia fetida	ISO 11268-1	Mortality, biomass, CL50	14 days	Soils/wastes solids	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.
						MSWI bottom ash	Cikala, V & Pascual C. 2001 MIOM 2001 Orléans
						Coal fly ash leachate	Direction des études et recherche EDF 1999
						Ecotoxicity solid waste	Ministère Environnement/ critère H14
Earth worm	Chronic	Eisenia fetida	ISO 11268-2	Reproduction, mortality, biomass, NOEC, CE50	8 weeks	Soils/wastes solids	Agence de l'Environnement et de la maîtrise de l'energie (ADEME), France. 2002.

Table A5.2: Eco-toxicity tests applied to wastes