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Appendix 6. Leaching testS description

Test name: Type of test:	PrEN14405 Percolation test Column leaching test	EN 1744-3 Aggregate leach test Batch extraction	PrEN 14429 pH dependence leaching test Batch tests at specified conditions	NEN 7345 Diffusion Test Tank leaching test	NVN 7347 Compacted Granular Leach Tank leaching	PrEN xxx Compliance test for monolithic material Tank leaching test	EN 12457-3 Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials	Concise test Batch test with two L/S values and two controlled pH conditions	EN 12457-4 Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials
Country/reference	CEN TC292 WG6	CEN TC 154	CEN TC292 WG6	Netherlands	Netherlands	EU CEN TC292	EU CEN TC292	WASCON 1997	EU CEN TC292
Particle size:	<4 mm	< 2mm	< 2 mm	> 40 mm	0 - 20 mm	> 40 mm	< 4 mm (95%)	< 2 mm	< 10 mm (95%)
Leachant:	DMW	DMW with pH control using HNO3 or NaOH(pH3-12)	DMW with pH control using HNO3 or NaOH (pH 3-12)	DMW initially acidified to pH=4 with NHO3	DMW	DMW	DMW	DMW (2) and two with pH control using HNO3 or NaOH (pH4 –7)	DMW
Amount of solid	0.5-0.7 liter	? g	100 g	> 100 g	> 100 g	> 100 g	100 ± 5 g	100 g	100 ± 5 g
L/S (l/kg) per step	cum.L/S: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5,1,2,5,10	10	10	L/V = 5 l/l	L/V = 5 l/l	L/V = 1.5 l/l	2 in 1^st step 8 in 2^nd step	10	10
Maximum accumulated	10	10	10	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	10	10	10
Number of steps	7	1	8	(8 fractions collected)	(8 fractions collected)	(3 fractions collected)	2	4	1
Contact time per step	total: max 3 weeks	24 hours	48 hours	Varies (64 days for all 8 steps)	Varies (64 days for all 8 steps)	Varies (2 h up to 48 h)	6 h for 1^st step and 18 h for 2^nd step	48 hours	24 hours
For serial batch tests: Renewal of leachant or solid	Not applicable	Not applicable	Not applicable	New leachant	New leachant	New leachant	New leachant	not applicable
Method of agitation:	Not applicable	magnetic stirring	ANC mode : End over end rotation, 5 - 10 rpm pH stat mode: magnetic stirrer	No agitation	No agitation	Mild stirring	End over end or roller-table rotation (10 rpm)	ANC mode : End over end rotation, 5 - 10 rpm pH stat mode: magnetic stirrer	End over end or roller-table rotation (10 rpm)
Filtration/filter size:	0.45 m	0.45 m	0.45 m	0.45 m	0.45 m	0.45 m	0.45 m	0.45 m	0.45 m
Comments:	Pre-equilibration of 48 hrs	No limitation on particle size distribution or on fines	WG document			Some details not yet fixed		WASCON paper Own pH same as EN 12457-3

APPENDIX 7. GLOSSARY

Leaching: is the extraction, by a leachant (demineralised water or others) of inorganic and/or organic components of a solid material, into a leachate by one or more physico-chemical transport mechanisms.

Leachant: is the solvent used in a leaching test (demineralised water or others).

Leachate: is the solution (or eluate) obtained after leaching a solid material with a leachant.

L/S: is the abbreviation for liquid (volume) to solid (mass) ratio; L/S is expressed in [l/kg].

Availability test: is a standard test method in which a crushed or finely ground solid sample is immersed in acidified water, with or without agitation; availability tests are intended to simulate “worst-case” conditions.

Available amount: is the quantity of a component which can potentially leach from a crushed or finely ground material as indicated in a standard test using a specified leachant under specified conditions (ie. availability test).

Tank (diffusion) test: is a standard test method in which an intact solid material is immersed in a leachant (usually demineralised water), typically under static conditions (ie. without agitation).

Monolith: is a solid material sample in the form of an intact single specimen to which specified criteria for dimensions and/or physico-mechanical properties apply.

Characterization test: is a standard leaching procedure, or group of related leaching procedures, used to determine the controlling transport mechanisms, the short and long term behaviour and the basic properties of a solid material, subject to specified sequential or periodic leaching.

Compliance test: is a standard leaching method used to determine if a material is either acceptable, or inacceptable, for a given application, by comparing its performance, under specified leaching conditions (usually single extraction, without agitation, under temperature control), against specified criteria for specified components.

Coefficient of diffusion: is a measure of the mobility of a component in a saturated porous material, as a function of total porosity, pore size distribution, tortuosity, concentration gradient, and chemical interactions within the pores.

Oxy-anions: is a synonym for a group of metals which in aeqeous solutions, do not form cationic species, but anionic complexes with oxygen, for example [MoO₄]^2-. Chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, selenium, and arsenic belong to the group of oxyanions.

Primary application: application of intact concrete or mortar structures (“service life”) under various exposure scenarios (ie. exposure to groundwater, seawater, drinking water, or soil).

Secondary application: crushed concrete debris reused either as recycled aggregates in new concrete structures ("bound") or as ("unbound") aggregates in road constructions, dam fillings etc. (“second life”).

End-of-life application: concrete debris which is not reused but disposed of in a landfill (“end of life”).

Composite (or blended) cements: cements which contains one or more mineral components (ie. blast furnace slag, coal fly ash, limestone, microsilica etc.) besides clinker and set regulator (gypsum, anhydrite).

W/C ratio: describes, as part of the mix design, the ratio between mixing water and cement in concrete or mortar (typically between 0.4 and 0.6 in concrete).

Curing: the treatment of freshly prepared concrete or mortar samples under well defined conditions (time, temperature, humidity etc.) specified in cement or concrete standards.