Thanksgiving
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| l The commentators tell us that this alleviation of the pains of the damned will be when they shall be taken out of the fire to drink the boiling water,3 or to suffer the extreme cold, called al Zamhar”r, which is to be one part of their punishment; but others think the respite which God will grant to some before they are thrown into hell, is here intended.4 According to the exposition of Ebn Abbas, these words may be rendered, Unless him whom GOD shall please to deliver thence.5
m It is the Mohammedan belief that apostles were sent by GOD for the conversion both of genii and of men; being generally of humane race (as Mohammed, in particular, who pretended to have a commission to preach to both kinds); according to this passage, it seems there must have been prophets of the race of genii also, though their mission be a secret to us. n Or considered not their danger; but GOD first sent some prophet to them to warn them of it, and to invite them to repentance. o That is, ye may proceed in your rebellion against GOD and your malice towards me, and be confirmed in your infidelity; but I will persevere to bear your insults with patience, and to publish those revelations which GOD has commanded me.1 p i.e., Our idols. In which sense this word is to be taken through the whole passage. q As to this custom of the pagan Arabs, see the Prelim. Disc. Sect. I. p. 13. To what is there said we may add, that the share set apart for GOD was employed chiefly in relieving the poor and strangers; and the share of the idols, for paying their priests, and providing sacrifices for them.2 r Either by that inhuman custom, which prevailed among those of Kendah and some other tribes, of burying their daughters alive, so soon as they were born, if they apprehended they could not maintain them;3 or else be offering them to their idols, at the instigation of those who had the custody of their temples.4 s By corrupting with horrid superstitions that religion which Ismael had left to his posterity.5 3 JallaloÕddin. 4 Al Beid‰wi. 5 See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. IV. p. 72, &c. 1 Al Beid‰wi. 2 Idem, JallaloÕddin. 3 See cap. 81. 4 Al Beid‰wi. 5 Idem. t That is, those who serve our idols, and are of the male sex; for the women were not allowed to eat of them.6 u Which they superstitiously exempted from such services, in some particular cases, as they did the Bah”ra, the S‰•ba, and the H‰mi.7 x See c. 5, p. 73. y That is, the foetus or embryos of the Bah”ra and the S‰•ba, which shall be brought forth alive. z For if those cattle cast their young, the women might eat thereof as well as the men. a See above, note r. b Not having a due sense of GODÕS providence. c Or, as some choose to interpret the words, Trees or plants which are planted by the labour of man, and those which grow naturally in the deserts and on mountains. d That is, give alms thereof to the poor. And these alms, as al Beid‰wi observes, were what they used to give before the Zac‰t, or legal alms, was instituted, which was done after Mohammed had retired from Mecca, where this verse was revealed. Yet some are of another opinion, and for this very reason will have the verse to have been revealed at Medina. e i.e., Give not so much thereof in alms as to leave your own families in want, for charity begins at home. f Or, literally, eight males and females paired together; that is, four of each sex, and two of every distinct kind. g In this passage Mohammed endeavours to convince the Arabs of their superstitious folly in making it unlawful, one while, to eat the males of these four kinds of cattle; another while, the females; and at another time, their young.1 h The person particularly intended here, some say, was Amru Ebn Lohai, king of Hej‰z, a great introducer of idolatry and superstition among the Arabs.2 6 Idem. 7 See cap. 5, p. 86, and Prelim. Disc. Sect. V. 1 Al Beid‰wi. 2 Idem. See Prelim. Disc. p. 15, and Pocock Spec. p. 80. i That is, fluid blood; in opposition to what the Arabs suppose to be also blood, but not fluid, as the liver and the spleen.3 k See Levit. vii. 23, and iii. 16. l viz., The fat of the rumps or tails of sheep, which are very large in the east, a small one weighing ten or twelve pounds, and some no less than threescore. m This and the two following verses JallaloÕddin supposes to have been revealed at Medina. n The original word signifies peculiarly fornication and avarice. o As for murder, apostacy, or adultery.4 3 Al Beid‰wi, JallaloÕddin. 4 Al Beid‰wi. p That is, the Jews and the Christians. q Either because we knew nothing of them, or did not understand the language wherein they were written. r Because of the acuteness of our wit, the clearness of our understanding, and our facility of learning sciencesÐas appears from our excelling in history, poetry, and oratory, notwithstanding we are illiterate people.5 s Al Beid‰wi, from a tradition of Mohammed, says that ten signs will precede the last day, viz., the smoke, the beast of the earth, an eclipse in the east, another in the west, and a third in the peninsula of Arabia, the appearance of anti-Christ, the sunÕs rising in the west, the eruption of Gog and Magog, the descent of Jesus on earth, and fire which shall break forth from Aden.1 t For faith in the next life will be of no advantage to those who have not believed in this; nor yet faith in this life without good works. u That is, who believe in part of it, and disbelieve other parts of it, or who form schisms therein. Mohammed is reported to have declared that the Jews were divided into seventy-one sects, and the Christians into seventy-two; and that his own followers would be split into seventy-three sects; and that all of them would be damned, except only one of each.2 x See before, p. 90. 5 Idem. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. IV. p. 62, &c. 2 Al Beid‰wi. y This was revealed in answer to the pressing instances of the idolaters, who offered to take the crime upon themselves, if Mohammed would conform to their worship.3 z Al Ar‰f signifies the partition between paradise and hell, which is mentioned in this chapter.1 a Some, however, except five or eight verses, begin at these words, And ask them concerning the city, &c. b The signification of those letters the more sober Mohammedans confess GOD alone knows. Some, however, imagine they stand for Allah, Gabriel, Mohammed, on whom be peace. c As it did the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah, to whom Lot was sent. d As happened to the Midianites, to whom Shoaib preached. e See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. IV. p. 69. f See chapter 2, p. 5, &c. 3 Idem. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. IV. p. 74. g As the time till which the devil is reprieved is not particularly expressed, the commentators suppose his request was not wholly granted; but agree that he shall die, as well as other creatures, at the second sound of the trumpet.2 h i.e., I will attack them on every side that I shall be able. The other two ways, viz., from above and from under their feet, are omitted, say the commentators, to show that the devilÕs power is limited.3 i The Mohammedan gospel of Barnabas tells us that the sentence which GOD pronounced on the serpent for introducing the devil into paradise4 was, that he should not only be turned out of paradise, but that he should have his legs cut off by the angel Michael, with the sword of GOD; and that the devil himself, since he had rendered our first parents unclean, was condemned to eat the excrements of them and all their posterity; which two last circumstances I do not remember to have read elsewhere. The words of the manuscript are these: Y llam— [Dios] a la serpiente, y a Michael, aquel que tiene la espada de Dios, y le dixo; Aquesta sierpe es acelerada, echala la primera del parayso, y cortale las piernas, y si quisiere caminar, arrastrara la vida por tierra. Y llam— ˆ Satanas, el qual vino riendo, y dixole; Porque tu reprobo has enga–ado a aquestos, y los has hecho immundos? Yo quiero que toda immundicia suya, y de todos sus hijos, en saliendo de sus cuerpos entre por tu boca, porque en verdad ellos haran penitencia, y tu quedaras harto de immundicia. k Which they had not perceived before; being clothed, as some say, with light, or garments of paradise, which fell from them on their disobedience. Yahya imagines their nakedness was hidden by their hair.5 l Which it is said were fig-leaves.6 m Not only proper materials, but also ingenuity of mind and dexterity of hand to make use of them.7 2 Al Beid‰wi. See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. IV. p. 65, and DÕHerbelot, Bibl. Orient. Art. Eblis. 3 Al Beid‰wi. 4 See the notes to cap. 2, p. 5. 5 Idem. 6 Idem. 7 Idem. n Because of the subtlety of their bodies, and their being void of all colour.8 o This passage was revealed to reprove an immodest custom of the pagan Arabs, who used to encompass the Caaba naked, because clothes, they said, were the signs of their disobedience to GOD.1 The Sonna orders that, when a man goes to prayers, he should put on his better apparel, out of respect to the divine majesty before whom he is to appear. But as the Mohammedans think it indecent, on the one hand, to come into GODÕS presence in a slovenly manner, so they imagine, on the other, that they ought not to appear before him in habits too rich or sumptuous, and particularly in clothes adorned with gold or silver, lest they should seem proud. p The sons of Amer, it is said, when they performed the pilgrimage to Mecca, used to eat no more than was absolutely necessary, and that not of the more delicious sort of food neither, which abstinence they looked upon as a piece of merit, but they are here told the contrary.2 q Because then the wicked, who also partook of the blessings of this life, will have no share in the enjoyments of the next. 8 JallaloÕddin. 1 idem, al Beid‰wi. 2 Idem. r viz., The angel of death and his assistants. s That is, the nation whose example betrayed them into their idolatry and other wickedness. t Unto those who set the example, because they not only transgressed themselves, but were also the occasion of the othersÕ transgression; and unto those who followed them, because of their own infidelity and their imitating an ill example.1 u That is, when their souls shall, after death, ascend to heaven, they shall not be admitted, but shall be thrown down into the dungeon under the seventh earth.2 x This expression was probably taken from our SaviourÕs words in the gospel,3 though it be proverbial in the east. y So that, whatever differences or animosities there had been between them in their lifetime, they shall now be forgotten, and give place to sincere love and amity. This Ali is said to have hoped would prove true to himself and his inveterate enemies, Othm‰n, Telha, and al Zobeir.4 z Literally, the companions. a This crier, some say, will be the angel Israfil. b Al Ar‰f is the name of the wall or partition which, as Mohammed taught, will separate paradise from hell.5 But as to the persons who are to be placed thereon the commentators differ, as has been elsewhere observed.6 1 Idem. 2 JallaloÕddin. See the Prelim. Disc. ubi sup. p. 61. 3 Matth. xix. 24 4 Al Beid‰wi. 5 See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. IV. p. 74. 6 See ibid. c i.e., Who shall distinguish the blessed from the damned by their proper characteristics; such as the whiteness and splendour of the faces of the former, and the blackness of those of the latter.1 d From this circumstance, it seems that their opinion is the most probable who make this intermediate partition a sort of purgatory for those who, though they deserve not to be sent to hell, yet have not merits sufficient to gain them immediate admittance into paradise, and will be tantalized here for a certain time with a bare view of the felicity of that place. e That is, the chiefs and ringleaders of the infidels.2 f These were the inferior and poorer among the believers, whom they despised in their lifetimes as unworthy of GodÕs favour. g These words are directed, by an apostrophe, to the poor and despised believers above mentioned. Some commentators, however, imagine these and the next preceding words are to be understood of those who will be confined in al Ar‰f; and that the damned will, in return for their reproachful speech, swear that they shall never enter paradise themselves; whereupon GOD of his mercy shall order them to be admitted by these words.3 h i.e., Of the other liquors or fruits of paradise. Compare this passage with the parable of Dives and Lazarus. i That is, the event of the promises and menaces therein. k See chapter 6, p. 90, note a. 1 Al Beid‰wi. 2 Idem. 3 Idem l Behaving themselves arrogantly while they pray; or praying with an obstreperous voice, or a multitude of words and vain repetitions.1 m i.e., After that GOD hath sent his prophets, and revealed his laws, for the reformation and amendment of mankind. n Or ranging over a large extent of land. Some copies, instead of noshran, which is the reading I have here followed, have boshran, which signifies good tidings; the rising of the wind in such a manner being the forerunner of rain. o That is, rain. For the east wind, says al Beid‰wi, raises the clouds, the north wind drives them together, the south wind agitates them, so as to make the rain fall, and the west wind disperses them again.2 p Or a dry and parched land. q See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. IV. r Noah the son of Lamech, according to the Mohammedan writers, was one of the six principal prophets,3 though he had no written revelations delivered to him,4 and the first who appeared after his great-grandfather Edr”s or Enoch. They also say he was by trade a carpenter, which they infer from his building the ark, and that the year of his mission was the fiftieth, or, as others say, the fortieth of his age.5 That Noah was a preacher of righteousness unto the wicked antediluvians is testified by scripture.6 The eastern Christians say that when God ordered Noah to build the ark, he also directed him to make an instrument of wood, such as they make use of at this day in the east, instead of bells, to call the people to church, and named in Arabic N‰kžs, and in modern Greek Semandra; on which he was to strike three times every day, not only to call together the workmen that were building the ark, but to give him an opportunity of daily admonishing his people of the impending danger of the Deluge, which would certainly destroy them if they did not repent.7 Some Mohammedan authors pretend Noah was sent to convert Zoh‰k, one of the Persian kings of the first race, who refused to hearken to him; and that he afterwards preached GODÕs unity publicly.8 s From these words, and other passages of the Kor‰n where NoahÕs preaching is mentioned, it appears that, according to MohammedÕs opinion, a principal crime of the antediluvians was idolatry.9 t viz., Either the day of resurrection, or that whereon the Flood was to begin. u For, said they, if GOD had pleased, he would have sent an angel, and not a man; since we never heard of such an instance in the times of our fathers.10 1 Idem. 2 Idem. 3 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 59. 4 Vide Reland. de Relig. Moh. p. 34. 5 Al Zamakhshari. 6 2 Pet. ii. 5. 7 Eutych. Annal. p. 37. 8 Vide DÕHerbal. Bibl. Orient. p. 675. 9 See c. 71, and the Prelim. Disc. Sect. I. p. 14. 10 Al Beid‰wi. x That is, those who believed on him, and entered into that vessel with him. Though there be a tradition among the Mohammedans, said to have been received from the prophet himself, and conformable to the scripture, that eight persons, and no more, were saved in the ark, yet some of them report the number variously. One says they were but six, another ten, another twelve, another seventy-eight, and another four-score, half men and half women,1 and that one of them was the elder Jorham,2 the preserver, as some pretend, of the Arabian language.3 y Ad was an ancient and potent tribe of Arabs,4 and zealous idolaters.5 They chiefly worshipped four deities, S‰kia, H‰fedha, R‰zeka and S‰lema; the first, as they imagined, supplying them with rain, the second preserving them from all dangers abroad, the third providing food for their sustenance, and the fourth restoring them to health when afflicted with sickness,6 according to the signification of the several names. z Generally supposed to be the same person with Heber;7 but others say he was the son of AbdaÕllah, the son of Rib‰h, the son of Kholžd, the son of Ad, the son of Aws or Uz, the son of Aram, the son of Sem.8 a These words were added because some of the principal men among them believed on Hžd, one of whom was Morthed Ebn Saad.9 b Dwelling in the habitations of the antediluvians, who preceded them not many centuries, or having the chief sway in the earth after them. For the kingdom of Shed‰d, the son of Ad, is said to have extended from the sands of Alaj to the trees of Om‰n.10 c See the Prelim. Disc. p. 5. d That is, concerning the idols and imaginary objects of your worship, to which ye wickedly gave the names, attributes, and honour due to the only true GOD. e The dreadful destruction of the Adites we have mentioned in another place,1 and shall only add here some further circumstances of that calamity, and which differ a little from what is there said; for the Arab writers acknowledge many inconsistencies in the histories of these ancient tribes.2 The tribe of Ad having been for their incredulity previously chastised with a three yearsÕ drought, sent Kail Ebn Ithar and Morthed Ebn Saad, with seventy other principal men, to the temple of Mecca to obtain rain. Mecca was then in the hands of the tribe of Amalek 1 Al Zamakhshari, JallaloÕddin, Ebn Shohnah. 2 Idem. See the Prelim. Disc. Sect I. p. 6. 3 Vide Pocock. Orat. Pr¾fix. Carm. Tograi. 4 See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. I. p. 5. 5 Abulfeda. 6 Vide DÕHerbel. Bibl. Orient. Art. Houd. 7 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 5. 1 Al Beid‰wi. 9 Idem. 10 Idem. 1 Prelim. Disc. p. 5. 2 Al Beid‰wi. Vide DÕHerbelot, Bibl Orient. Art. Houd. whose prince was Mo‰wiyah Ebn Becr; and he, being without the city when the ambassadors arrived, entertained them there for a month in so hospitable a manner that they had forgotten the business they came about had not the king reminded them of it, not as from himself, lest they should think he wanted to be rid of them, but by some verses which he put into the mouth of a singing woman. At which, being roused from their lethargy, Morthed told them the only way they had to obtain what they wanted would be to repent and obey their prophet; but this displeasing the rest, they desired Mo‰wiyah to imprison him, lest he should go with them; which being done, Kail with the rest entering Mecca, begged of GOD that he would send rain to the people of Ad. Whereupon three clouds appeared, a white one, a red one, and a black one; and a voice from heaven ordered Kail to choose which he would. Kail failed not to make choice of the last, thinking it to be laden with the most rain; but when this cloud came over them, it proved to be fraught with the divine vengeance, and a tempest broke forth from it which destroyed them all.3 f Thamžd was another tribe of the ancient Arabs who fell into idolatry. See the Prelim. Disc. Sect. I. p. 5. g Al Beid‰wi deduces his genealogy thus: S‰leh, the son of Obeid, the son of Asaf, the son of Masekh, the son of Obeid, the son of H‰dher, the son of Thamžd.4 h The Thamždites, insisting on a miracle, proposed to S‰leh that he should go with them to their festival, and that they should call on their gods, and he on his, promising to follow that deity which should answer. But after they had called on their idols a long time to no purpose, Jonda Ebn Amru, their prince, pointed to a rock standing by itself, and bade S‰leh cause a she-camel big with young to come forth from it, solemnly engaging that, if he did, he would believe, and his people promised the same. Whereupon S‰leh asked it of GOD, and presently the rock, after several throes as if in labour, was delivered of a she-camel answering the description of Jonda, which immediately brought forth a young one, ready weaned, and, as some say, as big as herself. Jonda, seeing this miracle, believed on the prophet, and some few with him; but the greater part of the Thamždites remained, notwithstanding, incredulous. Of this camel the commentators tell several very absurd stories: as that, when she went to drink, she never raised her head from the well or river till she had drunk up all the water in it, and then she offered herself to be milked, the people drawing from her as much milk as they pleased; and some say that she went about the town crying aloud, If any wants milk let him come forth.5 i The tribe of Thamžd dwelt first in the country of the Adites, but their numbers increasing, they removed to the territory of Hejr for the sake of the mountains, where they cut themselves habitations in the rocks, to be seen at this day. k This extraordinary camel frighting the other cattle from their pasture, a certain rich woman named Oneiza Omm Ganem, having four daughters, dressed them out and offered one Ked‰r his choice of them if he would kill the camel. Whereupon he chose one, and with the assistance of eight other men, hamstrung and killed the dam, and pursuing the young one, which fled to the mountain, killed that also and divided his flesh among them.1 Others tell the story somewhat differently, adding Sadaka Bint al Mokht‰r as a joint conspiratress with Oneiza, and pretending that the young one was not killed; for they say that having fled to a certain mountain named K‰ra, he there cried three times, and S‰leh bade them catch him if they could, for then there might be hopes of their avoiding the divine vengeance; but this they were not able to do, the rock opening after he had cried, and receiving him within it.2 Yüklə 2,27 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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