The Arabic Language

créole haitien
, 242
creoles, 299–312
creolisation, 147f., 299f.
of Juba Arabic, 306
Crusades, 1
cuneiform script, 6
cursive script, 64
Cushitic languages, 17
CV skeleton, 89
Cyprus, 280
ḍād
, 121;
 see
also
consonants, /ḍ/
Dadan, 29
Dadanitic inscriptions, 29
Ḏ̣afīr, 186
Daghestan, 331
Dagorn, R., 58
Daher, J., 255
Dahir berbère
, 272
dāʿī
, 301
ḏalaqiyya
, 120
dalīl
, pl. 
dalāʾil
, 118
Damascus, 130, 197
linguistic situation in, 253f.
Damietta 
see
Dumyāṭ 
ḍamma
, 63
Daoud, M., 262
Dār al-Kutub aẓ-Ẓāhiriyya, 227
Dari 128, 313
dārija
, 241, 269
Davids, A., 315
Ḍayf, Š., 235
Dead Sea scrolls, 10
de-arabicisation, of lexicon, 322
Dearborn, 292
declension, 22, 46, 57, 93, 109, 111
functional load of, 55
in poetic Arabic, 47
loss of, 53, 56, 136, 185
of the verb, 117
retention of, 16, 18, 72
see
also
case endings
Dedanitic 
see
Dadanitic
defective spelling, of long vowels, 33
definite article 
see
article, definite
definiteness, 305
delocutive verb, 231
demonstratives, 20, 159, 249
position of, 209
Dereli, B., 284
derivational morphology, 109, 119
derivation, of verbs from nouns, 92
Déroche, F., 63
determination, 100
Devanagari script, 327
dhimotikí
, 242
diacritic dots, 32, 63f., 314
in Hebrew, 161
dialect atlas 6, 176f., 190
dialect 
communal, 201, 254
conservative, 185, 188, 193
contact, 180
continuum, 188, 280
geography, 172
map, 176–82
marker, 248f.
poetry 
see
colloquial poetry
study, reaction to, 174f.
written, 168f.
dialectal koine 
see
koine, dialectal
dialectology, 6f., 172–91
dialectometrics, 177
dialects
classification of, 176
common features of, 133, 138
differences between, 44, 133, 139

---

Index 
391
hierarchy of, 45
pre-Islamic, 47–53, 63, 139
diathesis, 105
Dichtersprache
, 53, 55
dictionaries, 71
Arabic, 103f., 226
of Classical Arabic, 103f.
of Modern Arabic, 240
rhyming order in, 123
Diem, W. , 32, 56f., 142f., 143, 148, 247, 249
différentiel 
see 
parlers différentiels
diffusion, 180
diglossia, 80, 86, 132, 147, 153, 175, 241–58, 
300
diglossia, pre-Islamic, 47, 58
diglossic mixing, 246
diglossic switching 246
diminutives, 19, 93
ḏimmī
, 161f.
Dinka, 306
diphthongs, 49
in the Egyptian Delta 175
diptosis, 93, 115, 116
direct object, 96
Directionality Constraint, 245
discourse analysis
global, 245f.
local, 245
discrete variety 
see
variety, discrete
dīwān
, 65, 75, 81
dīwān al-maʿārif
, 227
dominant language, 296
Dominant Language Hypothesis, 245f.
Dominicans, 3
DO-verb 
see
dummy verb
Dravidian languages, 18
Dreisilbengesetz
, 88
Druze, 265
ḏū ṭāʾiyya
51
dual, 135, 148, 187
dual, undeclined, 51
dual endings, 93, 116
Ḏufār, 127
Dūmat al-Jandal, 29, 75
dummy verb, 233f., 284, 295, 323, 326, 328
Dumyāṭ, 182, 207
Dutch, 331
as standard language in South Africa, 315
East Semitic, 19
Eblaite, 10, 12, 16
ecolinguistics, 180
Edfu, 306
Edzard, L., 16, 139
Egypt, 174
Facebook in, 238
linguistic situation in, 251
Egyptian Academy 
see
Academy of Cairo
Egyptian movies, 252
Egyptian nationalism, 224
Egyptian soap operas, 252
Egyptian teachers, 252f.
Egyptian influence, in Yemen, 183
Egyptianisation, 166
Egyptianisms, 159
Ehret, C., 91
Eid, M., 245
Eisele, J., 93
El Aissati, A., 293
El Houri, W., 250
elevated style, 79
Elghamis, R., 315
Elgibali, A., 244f., 301
elision, 134, 142
of /a/, 199
of /i/, /u/, 200
of final vowels, 56
of short vowels, 88, 209, 213
of vowels, 199
elsine-i selase
, 324
Elyaacoubi, M., 214
embedded language, 294
Emin Pasha, 307
emphasis, 86f.
loss of, 142, 278, 280, 285, 308
spread, 87
emphatic allophone, 121
emphaticisation 
see
emphasis spread
ʿĒn ʿAvdat, inscription of, 36f.
enclaves, linguistic, 142, 189, 203, 213, 276, 313
endogamy, 285
England, migrants in, 297
English, 300
as interface language in Facebook, 238
as official language in South Sudan, 307
in India, 327
in Lebanon, 265
in Malta, 277
in Tunisia, 262
in Zanzibar, 319
Enlightenment, French, 221
Ennahda party, 261
Ennaji, M., 262, 267f.
epenthesis, 47, 88 
epenthetic vowel, 188, 199f., 203, 209
epigraphic script, 64
Epigraphic South Arabian, 6, 11, 16, 18, 22f., 
26, 28, 44
.

---

392
The Arabic Language
epistolary style, 75
ʿEreb, 27
Eritrea, 301
Erpenius, 4f.
Ethiopia, Arabic in, 301
Ethiopian, 16, 18f., 22f.
invasion, 28
Semitic languages, 11
Ethiopic, 12, 14, 20, 22f., 214
Ethiopic, Classical, 11
ethnolect, 296
etymology, 115
exegesis, of the Qurʾān, 66
existential, 101, 303f.
expletive pronoun, 99
extension, analogical, 228
extension, semantic, 228, 230, 232
ezāfe
, 325
fa-
, 233
fāʿala
, 19, 23
faʿālīl
, 134
Facebook, 237f.
fāʿil
, 111f.
fʿālil
, 134
family-tree model, 12, 15, 17f., 186
Farhangestān, 322
Fārisī, al- 81
Farsi, 81f., 313, 322
fasād al-luġa
, 138, 299;
 see
also
corruption of 
speech
faṣīḥ
, pl. 
fuṣaḥāʾ
, 56f., 71
fatḥa
, 63, 315
Fatimids, 129
Faysal, King, 226
feature checking, 99
female speech
in Cairo, 256
in Jordania, 255
in Korba, 256
in Sult, 255
feminine ending, 30, 54, 93, 102f., 135, 148, 
159, 207
in Persian, 323
Ferguson, C., 85f., 103, 138, 148, 242f.
fī
, 303f.
fiʿāl
, 134
fiʿl
, 117–19;
 see
also
verb
final vowels, elision of, 56
fiqh
, 77
first language acquisition, 89
Fīrūzābādī al-, 123
Fischer, W., 214, 186f.
Fishman, J., 242
f-ʿ-l
notation, 89, 109f., 115
focaliser, 309
folktales, 158
foreigner talk 
see
foreigner-directed talk
foreigner-directed talk, 299f., 302
Forkel, F., 269
formal speech, 241
Franco-Arabe, 270f., 294; 
see
also
code-
switching, French-Arabic
Frayḥa, A., 235
French, 236, 241, 300
as a foreign language in Algeria, 264
as interface language in Facebook, 238
as language of administration, 263
as language of literature in Algeria 264
as language of progress, 269
as language of technology, 269
in Algeria, 242, 263
in Moroccan schools, 262
in North Africa, 259f., 266
in the sciences, 268
in Tunisian schools, 261
local variety in the Maghreb, 271
French Berber policy, 272
French colonial policy, 259
French influence, in Modern Standard 
Arabic, 269
French language policy, 174
French schools, in Morocco, 262
Frisius, Laurentius, 3
fronting of /a/, 121
Fūʾād I, King, 227
fuʿāl
, 134
Fück, J., 82
Fulfulde, 288, 318, 321
 ajami
, 331
in Arabic script, 331
functional distribution, of varieties, 242
functional grammar, 105
fundamentalism, Islamic, 261, 273
fuṣḥā
, 236f., 241f., 248f.
fuṣḥā al-ʿaṣr
, 244
fuṣḥā at-turāṯ
, 244
fuṣḥā
, knowledge of, 255
fusḥāmmiyya
, 171
Fusṭāṭ, 128, 130, 205
future
expected, 200
intended, 200
marker, 146, 202, 248
tense, 94, 137, 146, 194, 209, 282
Gafos, A., 89
Gafsa, 129

---

Index 
393
gahawa
syndrome, 194, 196, 208
Gao, 301
Garbini, G., 15–17, 20–2, 27
Garmalahi, 36
garrison camps, 306
Ġassān, Banū, 28, 212
ġayr munṣarif
, 115; 
see
also
diptotic
Geʿez, 18
gemination, 64
gender, 141
as a variable, 255
distinction, 134, 187f., 193, 197, 202, 212
gender-related variation
in Korba, 256
in Damascus, 256
in Sult, 256
in Cairo, 257
genealogical paradigm 
see
genetic 
classification
genealogy, tribal, 43
general trend, 139
generative grammar, 105
genetic classification, 13–15, 17
genitive, 111, 145
analytic, 55, 158, 165
synthetic, 55
genitive exponent, 136, 139, 144–6, 164, 167, 
180, 183, 187, 194, 202, 282, 305
in Nigerian Arabic, 289
in Nubi, 309
Geniza, 160, 162
geographers, Arab, 130
Georgian, 18
Germany, migrants in, 297
gerund, in Nubi, 308
Ghana, 301
Ghannouchi, R., 261
Gḥaṭān 
see
Qaḥṭān
Ghazna, 326
Ghaznavids, 326
ghost words, 96
Gibson, M., 254
gilit
see
Arabic language, 
gilit
Gindibu, 27
glides, 46, 49, 91, 116, 118f., 121
glossing, xviii
glottalisation, 23
Golius, 5
Gouttenoire, M.-A., 71
Government and Binding, 105
grammar
aim of, 63, 66, 108
codification of, 67
Greco-Latin 107f., 111f.
normative, 108
simplification of, 235
teaching of, 235
grammarians, 57, 63
grammars
of Classical Arabic, 103
of Modern Arabic, 239f.
grammatical marker, 118
grammatical tradition
Arabic, 107–24
beginning of, 57
grammaticalisation, 136, 145, 299
Granada, 3
fall of, 2
kingdom of, 316
university of, 2
Grandguillaume, G., 262
Greater Lebanon, 265
Greece, diglossia in, 242
Greek, 3, 65, 81
Greek
as language of administration, 127
as language of the 
dīwān
, 65
as language of the elite, 128
Christian, 155
in Egypt, 128
medicine, 1
philosophy, 1
Greenberg, J., 89
Gregory of Nazianzus, 171
Griffith, S., 128
Grotzfeld, H., xvii, 200
Guillaume, J.-P., 118
Guinea, 321
Gulf Arabic Pidgin, 302
Gulf Asian Pidgin, 302
Gulf States, Facebook in, 238
Gumperz, J., 242
Gussenhoven, C., 309
Gutas, D., 70
Haarmann, U., 82