Also know as the French and Iroquois Wars, this conflict dominated eastern North America for most of the 17th century
The Iroquois Confederacy, led by the Mowhawk and armed by the English and Dutch, were looking to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade
England and France did not commit its standing military to the conflict
The Algonquin, including the Huron, were supported by French Coureurs du bois
Considered to be one of the bloodiest conflicts seen in North America
The conflict led to the defeat of the Huron and other Aboriginal nations, England asserted control over much of the Iroquois territory, and the French tried to gain the Iroquois as an ally who were now seeing the English as the greater threat
The conflict concluded in 1701 with the Great Peace of Montreal
The Intercolonial Wars
Many intermittent conflicts preceded the Beaver Wars in North America between 1689 and 1763 that led to the eventual English control of the continent
Each conflict in North America was an extension of the dynastic wars fought between the major powers of Europe
While some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces, all matched Great Britain, its colonies and its Native American allies against France, its colonies and its Native American allies
The Intercolonial Wars Timeline
The Intercolonial Wars Timeline
King William’s War (1688 – 1697)
England and France did not want to weaken their position in Europe to support the war effort in North America
New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy were able to stop New England and the Iroquois Confederacy expansion into Acadia although Port Royal was captured in 1690
New Englanders also tried to seize Montreal and Quebec but were soundly defeated by prepared New France forces led by Governor-General Louis de Buade de Frontenac in 1690
New France and its allies attacked, captured, and destroyed several New England forts
The Treaty of Ryswick signed in September 1697 ended the war between the two colonial powers, reverting the colonial borders to the status quo but the peace did not last long
King William’s War (1688 – 1697)
Frontenac receiving the envoy of Sir William Phipps demanding the surrender of Quebec, 1690 when he famously said "I have no reply to make to your general other than from the mouth of my cannons and muskets."
King William’s War (1688 – 1697)
Queen Anne’s War (1702 – 1713)
Was the North American theatre of the War of the Spanish Succession fought between the English and the French for control of the continent
In addition to the two main combatants, the war also involved numerous Native American tribes allied with each nation, and Spain, which was allied with France
The Iroquois Confederacy chose to remain neutral in the conflict
Queen Anne’s War (1702 – 1713)
Charles II of Spain had no heir and just before his death names his half-sister’s grandson Philip as his successor
Philip V was also the grandson of Louis XIV of France and heir to the French Empire
Louis XIV saw this as an opportunity to control the Spanish Empire and expand his power in Europe
The English, French, Dutch, and the Holy Roman Empire feared French domination of Europe and backed Leopold I as Spanish successor
The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713 and the Treaty of Rastatt was signed in 1714 to end the conflict
When the conflict in Europe ended, Spanish territory was broken up between the major and minor powers in Europe and Philip V renounced his future succession to the French crown; the balance of power in Europe was restored
The political landscape of North America was greatly altered
Queen Anne’s War (1702 – 1713)
The war in North America was fought on three fronts:
Spanish Florida and the English Province of Carolina
New England, Quebec, and Acadia
Newfoundland
Queen Anne’s War (1702 – 1713)
North America in 1702
Queen Anne’s War (1702 – 1713)
Spanish Florida and English Carolina
Spanish Florida and the English Province of Carolina were each subjected to attacks from the other
The English engaged the French based at Mobile in what was essentially a proxy war involving primarily allied Indians on both sides
The southern war did not result in significant territorial changes
It did nearly wipe out the Indian population of Spanish Florida, including parts of present-day southern Georgia, and destroyed Spain's network of missions in the area.
Queen Anne’s War (1702 – 1713)
New England, Acadia, and Quebec
The English colonies of New England fought against the French forces based in Acadia and the Wabanaki Confederacy; Port Royal was captured in 1710
Acadia was remained Nova Scotia and Port Royal was renamed Annapolis Royal, the Acadian capital was transferred to Louisbourg
Quebec City was repeatedly targeted by British expeditions but was never successfully reached
Newfoundland
In Newfoundland, English colonists based at St. John's disputed control of the island with the French based at Plaisance
Most of the conflict consisted of economically destructive raids against the other side's settlements.
The French successfully captured St. John's in 1709, but the British quickly reoccupied it after the French abandoned it.
It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia
The French with the help of the Mi’kamq and Maliset tried to retake Annapolis Royal but failed due to an uncoordinated attack
Its most significant New England action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that captured the French Fortress of Louisbourg in 1745
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748
Louisbourg was returned to France and no territory changed hands; this was one catalyst that caused the American War of Independence
King George's War (1744 – 1748)
View of the English landing on the Island of Cape Breton to attack the Fortress of Louisbourg, 1745
French and Indian War (1754 – 1763)
Was the North American theatre of the worldwide Seven Years' War fought between the colonies of British North America and New France
Both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies
At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 while British North America had about 2 million people; the French were greatly outnumbered
Conflict between Great Britain and France broke out in 1754–1755 when the British attacked disputed French positions in North America and seized hundreds of French merchant ships
French and Indian War (1754 – 1763)
French and Indian War (1754 – 1763)
After the fall of Fort Beauséjour, located on the border between Acadia (New Brunswick) and Nova Scotia, the Acadians were deported from Nova Scotia in 1755; Mi’kmaq were driven from their lands
