The Importance of Africa to The World System After 9/11 Attacks: War on Terrorism or Integration for Sustainable Development

The liberal perspective or sovereignty at bay model;

This approach drew largely from the works of Erasmus Kant thoughts of peace and his postulates of ‘’war does not pay’’, defining conditions of peace to be; the existence of a republican regime, the creation of a federation of states and the prohibition of wars among its members, the installation of a cosmopolitan law where an attack on the rights of one provoke reaction from all the others. Followed by Jeremy Bentham and Richard Cobden who in the 19^th Century took back the hypothesis of Adam Smith to defend the liberty of commerce as a pacificator mechanism of relations between states. There are several important new development of neo-gramscian perspectives.(Strange 1984: 15)discus the liberal perspectives as the basis for conventional mainstream approaches and as a problem solving theory of a recent kind, like on the nature of political regime, the role of the market, the role of international institutions.

On his part Stephen Gill expanded on the above framework through the introduction of the concepts of new constitutionalism and disciplinary neo-liberalism. According to (Gill 1992:165 in bieler & Morton 2003), it involves the narrowing of the social basis of popular participation within the world order of disciplinary neo-liberalism. That is asking questions like how to reconcile order on the one hand and what is just on the other hand? It is the move towards construction of legal or constitutional framework to remove substantially the new economic institutions from popular scrutiny or democratic accountability. It results in an attempt to discipline states along neo-liberal restructuring policy by disseminating the notion of market civilisation based on an ideology of capitalist progress and exclusionary patterns of social relations (Gill 1995). It basic assumptions include the essentially harmonious nature of economic relations which are still analytically separated from politics. A prime value of efficiency above all other social values; a concept of the world economy based on equilibrium processes; a goal of global welfare and a focus on the state, which provides secure political framework for markets (Op.cit 15).

The IPE critique of state-centric international politics and neo-classical theory of international economics, based on notion of Ricardo’s comparative advantage, has produced two distinct approaches; The weakness of international economics as criticised by political scientist gave birth to the politics of international economic relations, which attempted to marry politics and international economics.(ibid). According to Stanley Hoffman the essence of liberalism is to favour certain principles related to government than the individuals of compromise and peace. Therefore the liberal project appears as a negation of between the internal order and international anarchy.

To Andrew Moravcsik, there exist transitivity between the nature of individual state micro internal relations, and the nature of relations between states on the international scale, based on the configuration of ethics of the state. That is, the determinant of state society relations is more important than the configuration of the distribution of power on which realist insist.

The liberal project desires the satisfaction of the citizens and social action purely on national interest. The state determine their international behaviour from the interest of societies that they represent, and foreign policy is explained not by the logic of power but by ethnic arbitration which permit to understand various actions and their consequences whether it is politically costly or not. The liberal form of state was slowly replaced by the welfare nationalist form of state (Cox 1996:106)

It is made up of three main variants seeking to know what the conditions and cooperation between nation-states would be. They include the republican liberalism; it is a political regime, which explains the international behaviour within states and their choice for war or cooperation, with the existence of a critical civil society that help to sanction the government and to dissuade the state power to make war, different from a democratic regime that uphold the notion of democratic peace (that democrats do not fight against themselves). Commercial liberalism; is a theory of free play in the market economy through cooperation. The market is a mode of exchange whose development perpetuate peace and cooperation as inspired by the theory of ‘’Adam Smith the invisible hand’’. It assumes that interests of the state and IR can converge. Free exchange permit to establish the principle that ‘’war does not pay’’ and is a condition for state interdependence on a world market where state do not function by anarchy of other states. In the most complex form of commercial liberalism, most commercial links are diversified and production is specialised thus establishing monopoly and war envisaged. And institutional liberalism; basically a theory of international institutions with stabilizing power and consolidation of institutional cooperation among states. Function by mechanism of sanctions to seek unilateral gains. It develops communication between states and reduces the risk of misunderstanding. Two main proposal; conflict between states can be resolve by judicial procedures put in place by international organizations like the UNO. For example the conflict between Nigeria and Cameroon over Bakassi submitted to the ICJ by Cameroon for a ruling. And secondly conflict between states can be resolved by putting in place the principles of collective security opposing aggression or conflicts. Here we have authors like David Mitrany, pluralist like Keohane , Nye who insisted on the capacity of various institutional actors to manage the effects of complex interdependence, partisans of collective security like Ines Claude who insisted on the need for international organizations to be endowed with coercive power.