The Importance of Africa to The World System After 9/11 Attacks: War on Terrorism or Integration for Sustainable Development

Criticism;

One of its limits is its assumptions of the potency of economic forces. According to (Waltz 1979 in Strange 1984:16), it severely undermines the importance and the power of the state, and overestimates the degree of the ideological neutrality of economic processes and institutions. By implication, it takes little or no account of its historical context (Cooper 1968; Morse 1976; Keohane and Nye 1977; Michalak 1979 in Strange 1984).

The Marxist Perspectives or dependency;

The Marxist theory decline round three main standards, Leninism, dependence, and world system. Lenin in ‘’Imperialism the supreme stage of capitalism’’ 1917, borrowed Marx’s theory of class fight but distinguished it in two part; Capitalist economy must unceasingly find new financial and commercial markets to absorbs its surplus. This manifested with market conquest with industrial production profit followed by economy of scale. Imperialism the supreme stage of capitalism outlined inevitable conflicts in view of the constitution of vast empires such as the capitalist world where the natural limits of colonial expansion was attached and secondly the impossibility to dispose of the concentration of the industrial production will lead to antagonism complicating interest that will appeal to the use of force. The inevitability of war inscribed in the capitalist logic will sign its own death. Whereas Marx postulated vision of union of the proletariats, Lenin estimated that capitalism created structures which harmonizes the proletariats of the centre and those of the periphery is impossible. The bourgeoisie of the centre in effect utilizes the proletariats of the periphery so as to ameliorate the situation of its own proletariats.

The theory of dependence is link to the works of authors like Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Paletto, assuming the major cause of underdevelopment as the absence of economic take off. The theory had the ambition to explain the causes of underdevelopment, that is inequality to world scale and not the same as internal force that late Samir Amin supported in ‘’Accumulation to world Standard’’ and ‘’unequal development’’, by developing the idea that it was the expansion of capitalist mode of production to the detriment of local equilibrium which generates the phenomenon of exploitation and of accumulation. Integration of the economy of the south countries in the world market is translated in effect by the development of exploitation activities, forcefully having an economic and social disarticulation of peripheric notions. In addition the weak elasticity of products exported by the south generates a dialectic mechanism of exploitation of accumulation, exclusively profitable to developed economies. Underdevelopment is therefore understood as the eruption of market mechanisms to the interior even to the economy of third world countries.

The theory of world system in ‘’ Politics of World-Nations economy’’ by Immanuel Wallerstien , was against the theme of unequal exchange following the state market. The central idea is that weaknesses of peripheral states is necessary in the process of exploitation and of accumulation of capitalist centre states. Wallerstein rewind renaissance history with present reforms to explain how the crisis of feudalism was modified and the supremacy of politics in imperial countries from the 16^th Century which had been transformed to a simple instruction aimed to extract surplus. The world system perspective also analysis the development of the world political economy as a whole. But takes as it major unit of analysis the world system of capitalism itself rather than notions within the system as do the structuralists. It basis is found in the critique of the developmentalist view of liberal political economy (Frank 1979; Baran 1957; Cardoso 1977 in Strange 1984). It however demonstrates to explain how the theory of comparative advantage cannot function since international trade was above all a process of exploitation of very poor countries by very rich ones. This seems to simplify braudel Fernand binary vision of dependence. The new type of world system of the capitalist economic world, shared the world into three zones or blocks; the centre, the semi periphery and the periphery.