Bruce Kovner-The World Trader Today, Bruce Kovner may well be the world's largest trader in the interbank currency and futures markets. In
1987 alone, he scored profits in excess of $300 million for himself and the fortunate investors in his funds. During the
past ten years, Kovner has realized a remarkable 87 percent averaged annual compounded return. Two thousand
dollars invested with Kovner in early 1978 would have been worth over $1,000,000 ten years later.
Despite his incredible track record and huge trading size, Kovner has managed to keep a surprisingly low
profile. He has assiduously pursued his privacy by steadfastly refusing all interview requests. "You might be
wondering why I consented to this interview," he said. As a matter of fact, I was, but I did not want to raise the
question. I had assumed that his agreement reflected a vote of confidence and trust. Seven years earlier, our paths
had crossed briefly when we both worked at Commodities Corporation—he as one of the firm's principal traders, I as
an analyst.
Kovner continued, "It seems like I can't avoid some publicity, and the stories are usually distorted and
fanciful. I thought that this interview would help establish at least one accurate record."
Kovner hardly fits the intuitive image of a trader who typically holds positions with a total face value
measured in billions of dollars. With his incisive intellect and easygoing manner, he reminds one more of a professor
than a giant-scale trader in the highly leveraged currency and futures markets. Indeed, Kovner started out as an
academic.
After graduating from Harvard, Kovner taught political science courses at Harvard and the University of
Pennsylvania. Although he liked teaching, he was not enthused with the academic life. "I didn't enjoy the process of
always confronting a blank page in the morning and thinking of something brilliant to write."
In the early 1970s, Kovner managed a number of political campaigns, with the idea of eventually running for
office himself. He abandoned politics because he didn't have the financial resources, or the desire to work his way up
the political ladder from committee jobs. During this time he also worked as a consultant for various state and federal
agencies.
Still searching for a career direction, Kovner shifted his attention to the financial markets in the mid-1970s.
He believed that his economics and political science education provided the right background, and he found the idea
of analyzing the world to make trading judgments tremendously appealing. For about a year, Kovner immersed
himself in studying markets and the related economic theory. He read everything he could get his hands on.
One subject he studied intensively was interest rate theory. "I fell in love with
uieyield curve." [The yield
curve is the relationship between the yield on government securities and their time to maturity. For example, if each
successively longer-term maturity provided a higher yield than a shorter-term maturity—for example, five-year T-
notes at a higher yield than one-year T-bills—the yield curve would reflect a continually rising slope on a graph.]
Kovner's study of the interest rate markets coincided with the initial years of trading in interest rate futures.
At that time, the interest rate futures market was relatively unsophisticated and price distortions, which would be
quickly eradicated by arbitrageurs today, persisted over time. As Kovner explains it, "The market hadn't become
important enough for CitiBank or Solomon Brothers, but it was important enough for me."
One of the primary anomalies Kovner discovered was related to the price spread (difference) between
different futures contracts. Futures are traded for specific months (for example, March, June, September, and
December). Given the prevailing phase of the business cycle, interest rate theory predicted that the nearby contract
(for example, March) should trade at a higher price (lower yield) than the next contract (for example, June). Although
the nearest two contracts did indeed tend to reflect this relationship, Kovner found that the price difference between
more forward contracts often started trading at near-zero levels. His first trade involved buying a forward interest
rate contract and selling a more forward contract, in the expectation that, as the purchased contract became the
nearby contract with the passage of time, the price spread between the two contracts would widen.
That first trade worked just according to textbook theory and Kovner was hooked as a trader. His second
trade also involved an
intra-market spread [the purchase of one contract against the sale of another contract in the
same market]. In this case, he bought the nearby copper contract and sold a more forward contract, in the
expectation that supply tightness would cause the nearby copper contract to gain relative to the forward position.
Although his idea eventually proved right, he was too early and lost money on that trade. At the end of these two
trades, Kovner was still ahead, with his original $3,000 stake having grown to about $4,000.
My third trade is what really put me in the business. In early 1977, an apparent shortage was developing in
the soybean market. It was a demand driven market. Every week the
crush was higher than expected and nobody
believed the figures. [The crush is the amount of soybeans processed for use as soybean meal and soybean oil.] I was
watching the July/November
spread [the price difference between the old crop July contract and the new crop
November contract]. Since it looked like we were going to run out of soybeans, I thought that the old crop July con-
tract would expand its premium to the new crop November contract. This spread had been trading in a narrow
consolidation near 60-cents premium July. I figured I could easily stop myself out just below the consolidation at
around a 45-cents premium. At the time, I didn't realize how volatile the spread could be. I put on one spread [that
is, bought July soybeans and simultaneously sold November soybeans] near 60 cents and it widened to 70 cents.
Then I put on another spread. I kept on pyramiding.